We discuss the mechanisms by which bulk electrohydrodynamic air thrust or ionic wind generated above and directed towards the surface of a microfluidic chamber by a sharp electrode tip can give rise to surface or bulk liquid recirculation in the chamber and demonstrate various ways in which the phenomenon can be exploited for microfluidic mixing and particle trapping. In the latter, micropartic...

Traditional Chinese medicine-based herbal medicines have gained increasing acceptance worldwide in recent years and are being pursued by pharmaceutical companies as rich resources for drug discovery. For many years, traditional Chinese medicines (TCM) have been applied for the treatment of cancers in China and beyond. Herbal medicines are generally low in cost, plentiful, and show very little t...

The use of medicinal plants is continually expanding worldwide. The increasing search for therapeutic agents derived from plant species is justified by the emergence of diseases, yet without proper treatment, and the growth of scientific knowledge about the herbal medi‐ cines as important treatment alternatives. Therefore, the quality and safety of herbal prepa‐ rations are also of great concer...

The behavior of linear and nonlinear dust acoustic waves (DAWs) in an unmagnetized plasma including inertialess electrons and positrons, ions, and mobile positive/negative dust grains are studied. Reductive perturbation method is employed for small and finite amplitude DAWs. To investigate the solitary waves, the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation is derived and the solution is presented. B...

Some protein pharmaceuticals from Chinese medicine have been developed to treat cardiovascular diseases, genetic diseases, and cancer. Bioactive proteins with various pharmacological properties have been successfully isolated from animals such as Hirudo medicinalis (medicinal leech), Eisenia fetida (earthworm), and Mesobuthus martensii (Chinese scorpion), and from herbal medicines derived from ...

Medicines obtained from natural sources have become the basis for pharmaceutical drugs. Traditional herbal medicines are naturally occurring plant derived substances; these have been used for treatment and cure of various diseases and as a nutraceuticals. Toxicological research and testing help to live safely and predict benefit from synthetic and natural substance while avoiding harm. The toxi...

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that as many as 80% of the world's more than six billion people rely primarily on animal and plant-based medicines. The healing of human ailments by using therapeutics based on medicines obtained from animals or ultimately derived from them is known as zootherapy. The phenomenon of zootherapy is marked both by a broad geographical distribution and v...

Recently, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) published the new draft guideline on the pharmacokinetic and clinical evaluation of modified release (MR) formulations. The draft guideline contains the new requirement of performing multiple dose (MD) bioequivalence studies, in the case when the MR formulation is expected to show 'relevant' drug accumulation at steady state (SS). This new requireme...

An analysis of 7218 consultations showed that homeopathic medicines are being used to treat a wide range of morbidity in the United Kingdom. The data were derived from all consecutive consultations during one week by 73 doctors who used homeopathic medicine. Of these consultations 88% were conducted as part of the National Health Service (the majority in general practice). Thirty five per cent ...

Development of new and repurposed medicines in response to the COVID-19 pandemic has occurred at an unprecedented rate, resulting a dynamic pipeline marked by significant challenges successes. This analysis provides overview vaccines therapies undergoing clinical evaluation or with recent approval for treatment prevention global markets. For this analysis, are defined three categories: vaccines...