The plant vascular system provides transport and support capabilities that are essential for plant growth and development, yet the mechanisms directing the arrangement of vascular bundles within the shoot inflorescence stem remain unknown. We used computational and experimental biology to evaluate the role of auxin and brassinosteroid hormones in vascular patterning in Arabidopsis. We show that...

2. Three interpretations of negative polar interrogatives • Ladd (1981) distinguishes two varieties of negative polar interrogatives, which are epistemically biased toward the opposite directions. o the “outside NEG” question: conveys a positive bias; “the speaker believes a proposition P and wants confirmation” o the “inside NEG” question: conveys a negative bias; “the speaker has just inferre...

Many spatio-temporal phenomena (both natural and human) change in time cycles, e.g., seasonal change of weather and pattern of people’s daily activities, which required a cyclic view of time. However, most GIS systems and cartographic representation adopt Cartesian Coordinate Systems (CCSs), which force time to be perceived as a linear dimension. Therefore, the cyclic change cannot be effective...

This study examines the temporal evolution of the tropospheric circulation following large-amplitude variations in the strength of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) stratospheric polar vortex in data from 1979 to 2001 and following the SH sudden stratospheric warming of 2002. In both cases, anomalies in the strength of the SH stratospheric polar vortex precede similarly signed anomalies in the tropo...

A 52-year-old male presented with a 25-year history of decreasing vision. Best corrected visual acuity was 0.3 in his right and 0.2 in his left eye. Fundoscopic examination showed bilateral symmetric atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium and choriocapillaris in the posterior polar areas between vascular arcades and surrounding the optic disc. On fluorescein angiography, the large choroidal ...

Serum samples from 419 polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Svalbard and the Barents Sea (collected 1990-2000) and 108 polar bears from East Greenland (collected 1999-2004) were assayed for antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii using the modified agglutination test. Antibody prevalences were 3.6% among cubs dependent on their mothers and 21.4% among subadults and adults. Among subadults and adults...

We isolate the role of the ocean in polar climate change by directly evaluating how changes in ocean dynamics with quasi-equilibrium CO2 doubling impact high-latitude climate. With CO2 doubling, the ocean heat flux convergence (OHFC) shifts poleward in winter in both hemispheres. Imposing this pattern of perturbed OHFC in a global climate model results in a poleward shift in ocean-to-atmosphere...

Relaxor ferroelectrics have been used in a variety of applications, such as piezoelectrics, capacitors, and transducers. Relaxors exhibit broadened permittivity peaks with dispersion of the frequencydependent dielectric constant. In particular, T ;max, the temperature maximum of the ð!Þ, follows the Vogel Fulcher relationship described by ! 1⁄4 !0e Ua=kBðT ;max Tf Þ; ð1Þ where ! is a frequency ...

In many real world problems, data sometimes comes from n agents (n≥2), multipolar information exists. For issues that are associated with uncertainty, this information can not be showed with the values of crisp, fuzzy, intuitionistic or bipolar. Graph is one of the mathematical models widely used in different sciences. Ambiguity in a graph where data depends on the n parameter can not be showed...

Polar regions have garnered substantial research attention in recent years because they are key drivers of the Earth’s climate, a source of rich mineral resources, and the home of a variety of marine life. Nevertheless, global warming over the past century is pushing the polar systems towards a tipping point: the systems are at high-risk from melting snow and sea ice covers, permafrost thawing,...