Abstract Christmas, as the celebration of birth Jesus Christ, is a central and joyful feast Christian worship. In medieval early modern Europe, this translated into rich musical tradition, which Christmas songs were significant part. Song collections from Devotio moderna, spiritual movement that spread in Low Countries Germany during 15th 16th centuries, are an important witness to tradition. H...

almost three centuries after the publication of the life and adventures of robinson crusoe, j. m. coetzee re-imagines the original story in two different versions; foe (1986) and his nobel prize acceptance speech, he and his man (2003). the recreation of one of the early novels of the western literary canon from the viewpoint of a marginalized character, which is technically called postcolonial...

as a literary work, a novel is imitation of actual life, it is as important as the conversation in the actual life, but for bakhtin, the issue is beyond the conversations in the stories. he takes every literary work in two levels to be studied. on one hand, every literary work is a response to its previous works, it also expects the future works, on the other hand, a novel is the field where th...