In the nervous system, several key steps in cellular complexity and development are regulated by non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and the repressor element-1 silencing transcription factor/neuron-restrictive silencing factor (REST/NRSF). REST recruits gene regulatory complexes to regulatory sequences, among them the repressor element-1/neuron-restrictive silencer element, and mediates developmental sta...

efg1 transcription factor is believed to be the main regulator of hyphal formation under many different conditions. in addition, it is responsible for positive regulation of the expression of several hyphal-specific genes. sap5, which encodes secreted aspartic proteinase, is one of the mentioned genes and is crucial for pathogenicity properties. in the present work we have established the exper...

Several distinct classes of small RNAs, some newly identified, have been discovered to play important regulatory roles in diverse cellular processes. These classes include siRNAs, miRNAs, rasiRNAs and piRNAs. Each class binds to distinct members of the Argonaute/Piwi protein family to form ribonucleoprotein complexes that recognize partially, or nearly perfect, complementary nucleic acid target...

Epigenetic silencing is a natural phenomenon in which the expression of genes is regulated through modifications of DNA, RNA, or histone proteins. It is a mechanism for defending host genomes against the effects of transposable elements and viral infection, and acts as a modulator of expression of duplicated gene family members and as a silencer of transgenes. A major breakthrough in understand...

microRNAs (miRNAs) and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are small RNAs that repress gene expression at the post-transcriptional level in plants and animals. Small RNAs guide Argonaute-containing RNA-induced silencing complexes to target RNAs in a sequence-specific manner, resulting in mRNA deadenylation followed by exonucleolytic decay, mRNA endonucleolytic cleavage, or translational inhibition....

In Neurospora crassa, sequence-specific inhibition of endogenous genes can be induced by the introduction of transgenic DNA homologous to the target gene, through the mechanism of post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) known as quelling. The application of this strategy to inactivate genes in N. crassa has, to date, been restricted by a limited silencing efficiency and instability of the si...

RNA Interference (RNAi), which works against invading nucleic acids or modulates the expression of endogenous genes, is a natural eukaryotic regulating system, and it by noncoding smaller molecules. Plant-mediated gene silencing through RNAi can be used to develop plants with insect tolerance at transcriptional post-transcriptional levels. In this study, we selected Myzus persicae’s acetylcholi...

The discovery of RNA interference (RNAi) heralded a revolution in RNA biology. Researchers uncovered 'hidden' layers of regulation of gene expression, in which many previously unidentified families of small RNAs (consisting of approximately 20-30 nucleotides) mediate gene silencing in transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. In eukaryotes, these small RNAs, including siRNAs, miRNAs, piR...

While initiation of transcription has attracted the most attention in the field of gene regulation, it has become clear that additional stages in the gene expression cascade including post-transcriptional events are under equally exquisite control. The seminal discovery that short RNAs (microRNA, small interfering RNA, Piwi-interacting RNA), play important roles in repressing gene expression ha...