is widely accepted that for lung development to proceed normally, physical space in the fetal thorax must be adequate and amniotic fluid must be brought into the lung with fetal breathing movements. Thus, it follows that extrinsic compression of the fetal thorax causes hypoplasia, either by inhibiting respiratory movements or by forcing out fluid from the lungs. The latter hypothesis was suppor...

Hoover and Duckett identified the relationship between valves, reflux, and dysplasia, commonly known as VURD (Posterior urethral valve, Unilateral vesicoureteral reflux, Renal dysplasia) syndrome. They noted preserved contralateral renal function in patients with unilateral reflux into a non-refluxing kidney. The proposed mechanism of this protection is that the refluxing collecting system acts...

Solitary crossed renal ectopia (SCRE) represents an exceedingly rare congenital disorder. Although skeletal and genitourinary abnormalities most commonly accompany this condition, vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) has been described in only a few cases. Here, we present two unique cases of SCRE complicated by high-grade VUR concomitant with posterior urethral valve in one case and hypospadias in the ...

Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is one of the most common diseases in pediatric urology and classified into primary and secondary VUR. Although posterior urethral valve (PUV) is well known as a cause of the secondary VUR, it is controversial that minor urethral deformity recognized in voiding cystourethrography represents mild end of PUV spectrum and contributes to the secondary VUR. We have been s...

A full term male baby born to a 23-year-old primigravida did not develop spontaneous respiration after birth. His heart rate was <40/min and required bag and tube ventilation; and shifted to NICU for further management. Antenatal ultrasound at 36 weeks showed single live fetus with grossly distended bladder with dilated proximal urethra, bilateral hydroureters causing significant intra-abdomina...

Materials and Methods: 133 Mitrofanoff channels (100 appendicular, 31 ureteric and 2 Monti) were constructed in 122 children (93 boys and 29 girls) of mean age 6.3 years over the period from 1997 to 2005. The procedure was part of the reconstructive procedure in patients of neurogenic bladder (n=44), exstrophy-epispadias (n=40), posterior Urethral valve (n=30), and other diseases (n=8). Additio...

Posterior urethral valve is the commonest cause of both urinary tract obstruction and chronic renal disease in male children. The patients may present with complications such as impaired function, infection, or anaemia. Reports abound about association other congenital defects posterior but few studies have reported this osteogenesis imperfecta. An 8-year-old on management for imperfecta who pr...

Posterior urethral valves (PUV) are now commonly suspected on antenatal ultrasound, but can present with a broad spectrum of severity postnatally. Rarely, the diagnosis is missed until adolescence or adulthood when the patient usually presents with lower urinary tract symptoms. We describe an even rarer case of PUV in an adolescent who first presented with renal failure and a palpable lower abd...

Anterior urethral valve is a rare congenital anomaly that can cause obstructive uropathy. Herein, we report a case of an anterior urethral valve that led to the development of febrile urinary tract infection in a neonate.

One-hundred and sixteen children with ESRD were registered in Shiraz Pediatric Hemodialysis Center in Nemazee Hospital, a referral center in the south of Iran, from 1990 to 1999. Very small children are not dialysed in this center due to technical problems. The age range of children in this center was 2-16 years, mean age was 10.4±3.6 years and male to female ratio was 1.4. Major causes of ...