Entropy can be defined as the antithesis of well-formed true reports that agree with each other and with the material facts accessible through the experience of one or more competent observers. The abstract convergence (strictly formal, logical agreement) of true narrative representations (TNRs)—ordinary valid reports of facts of experience—makes them formally more complete than fictions, error...

This study systematically examines the strength of the connection between synchronous CMC and pragmatic instruction by measuring the effects of three types of synchronous group discussion (written chat [WC], oral chat [OC], and traditional face-to-face [FF] discussion) on the acquisition of the speech act (refusals of an invitation) in the target language. Zhao (2003) notes that CMC research is...

Computer-assisted language instruction systems that only perform syntactic processing of input sentences are not able to offer advice on pragmatic aspects of language use, and they cannot handle the variability generally afforded by natural languages to express a given propositional content. This paper describes a solution to this problem implemented as an extension to the existing Japanese tut...

This paper propo~s a reversible architecture to handle not orily syntactic and semantic information but also pragmatic information. • I Existing architectures cannot represent pragmatic informatioil explicitly, and lack reasoning capability;given insufficient information. I argue that the techniques of plan representation and approximate reasoning are, in the enhanced argumentation system propo...

Intersentential elliptical utterances occur frequently during information-seeking dialogs in task domains. This paper presents a pragmatics-based framework for interpreting such utterances. Discourse expectations and focusing heuristics are used to facilitate recognition of an information-seeker's intent in uttering an elliptical fragment. The ellipsis is comprehended by identifying both the as...

Research on L2 learners’ success at development and appropriate use of pragmatic ability and knowledge has mostly approached the issue from a cognitive or social perspective, and less attention has been devoted to the problem from the equally important emotional or individual-psychological lenses. This study sought to explore, first, the interplay between Iranian advanced EFL learners’ pragmati...

The article begins with a review of the shared metacognition construct and its function within Community Inquiry theoretical framework. primary focus is role learners to take responsibility control for monitoring managing learning in community inquiry. Pragmatic challenges are explored through an analysis recent research discussion implementation issues. It emphasized that shaped by teaching pr...