Writing assessments often make use of analytic rating scales to describe the criteria for different performance levels. However, the use of such rating scales requires a level of interpretation by raters and if several raters are involved, the reliability of examinee scores can be significantly affected (Engelhard, 1992; McNamara 1996). Variability between raters is partly managed by rater trai...

ACR Appropriateness Criteria 1 Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip—Child American College of Radiology ACR Appropriateness Criteria Clinical Condition: Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip—Child Variant 1: Patient younger than 4–6 months of age, positive physical findings (Ortolani or Barlow maneuvers). Radiologic Procedure Rating Comments RRL* US hips 8 This procedure is preferably used in patien...

in order to achieve a sustainable management and development of natural resources, a set of technical, eco-social, environmental and ecological criteria must be considered in the planning process. an appropriate model is therefore needed to address all the criteria mentioned above, in the decision making process and finally provide a reliable result. in the last few years, analytical hierarchic...

Drug-induced dyskinesia is a common phenomenon in Parkinson's disease (PD) and is often socially as well as physically disabling for patients. The Movement Disorders Society commissioned a task force to assess available clinical rating scales, critique their clinimetric properties, and make recommendations regarding their clinical utility. A task force composed six clinical researchers who syst...

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to report the five scales comprising the rating system that the Japanese Society for Surgery of the Foot (JSSF) devised (JSSF standard rating system) and the newly offered interpretations and criteria for determinations of each assessment item. METHODS We produced the new scales for the JSSF standard system by modifying the clinical rating systems establis...

This paper aims to show how general pragmatic pressures, interacting with the context of utterance, can produce specific conversational implicatures — as well as the lack thereof in nonsupporting environments. Inspired by the work of Merin (1997), Blutner (1998), van Rooy (2003a), Benz et al. (2005), and others, I use probabilities to represent speakers’ belief states and the content of their u...