For effectively fabricating nanocrystalline ZnO thin films by the sol-gel method, the relationships between the temperature of the heat treatment and the quality of the ZnO thin films was observed. The decomposition of the sol was analyzed by TG-DTA. The orientation of the c-axis of the ZnO thin film was identified by XRD. The morphology was observed and estimated by SEM. The experimental resul...

We show by studying the Abelian Higgs model with numerical lattice simulations that nonthermal phase transitions arising out of preheating after inflation are possible in gauge-Higgs models under rather general circumstances. This may lead to the formation of gauged topological defects and, if the scale at which inflation ends is low enough, to electroweak baryogenesis after preheating.

We examine the particle production via preheating at the end of inflation in supersymmetric theories. The inflaton and matter scalars are now necessarily complex fields, and their relevant interactions are restricted by holomorphy. In general this leads to major changes both in the inflaton dynamics and in the efficiency of the preheating process. In addition, supersymmetric models generically ...

This article is focused on the description of the main features of an online system for the real time monitoring and prediction of the liquid steel temperature in the ladle and tundish. Monitoring and prediction are based on a combination of analytical and statistical methods. Thus e.g., the temperature profiles of the walls are calculated using multi-layer implicit difference scheme taking int...

We reconsider the old problem of the dynamics of spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) using 3D lattice simulations. We develop a theory of tachyonic preheating, which occurs due to the spinodal instability of the scalar field. Tachyonic preheating is so efficient that SSB typically completes within a single oscillation as the field rolls towards the minimum of its effective potential. We show th...

Grain refinement improves the mechanical properties and formability of metals and alloys. So far, several different grain refinement methods have been proposed and studied. Severe plastic deformation is one of the most promising and efficient methods. Therefore, in the present study the possibility of imposing a two-step severe plastic deformation (Extrusion and Equal channel angular pressing) ...

It is difficult to predict the heating time and power consumption associated with the self-heating process of lithium-ion batteries at low temperatures. A temperature-rise model considering the dynamic changes in battery temperature and state of charge is thus proposed. When this model is combined with the ampere-hour integral method, the quantitative relationship among the discharge rate, heat...

Semi-coke has difficulties with stable ignition and high-efficiency combustion due to its low volatile content. Preheating in a circulating fluidized bed before offers novel method for the improvement of fuel properties. During preheating, semi-coke was converted preheated composed coal gas char. When increasing preheating temperature, ratio CO/CO2 significantly increased, while CH4/CO2 remaine...

A superheated water chromatography (SWC) method for the separation of alkyl esters of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (parabens) using a zirconia-based stationary phase was developed and applied to real sample analysis. First, the SWC system was optimized in terms of the proper length of the preheating coil for establishing thermal equilibration of the mobile phase entering the column at the oven tempera...

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of preheating on composite resins’ mechanical and physical properties. Preheating of composite resins positively affects the degree of conversion, viscosity, microleakage, marginal adaptation, microhardness and color change however, the flexural strength is adversely affected.