This paper presents an economic argument that the prohibition of Ribā in classical Islamic Jurisprudence can be explained by appealing to precommitment and economic efficiency considerations. Our starting point is an argument provided by ’Ibn Rush ̄ d in Bidāyat alMujtahid wa Nihāyat al-Muqtas . id. ’Ibn Rush ̄ d provides a juristic explication of the “Objectives of The Law” (Maqās . id al-Sh ̄ ar̄...

AIMS To assess the associations between types of cannabis control policies at country level and prevalence of adolescent cannabis use. SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND DESIGN Multilevel logistic regressions were performed on 172,894 adolescents 15 year of age who participated in the 2001/2002, 2005/2006, or 2009/2010 cross-sectional Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) survey in 38 Europe...

The paper is dedicated to guaranteeing the prohibition of discrimination on grounds sex and gender. guarantee non-discriminatory harassment one separate instruments anti-discrimination law. According its formal structure, it represents a special form direct discrimination. written by method from general individual. In addition theoretical (where we explained concept sexual violence concrete dif...

The agreements that include the condition employee is prohibited from using information belonging to employer, such as customer data, production secret which he has learnt during employment contract, in a certain place, time and area of activity, way create competition with are non-competition agreements. Non-competition protect employer on one hand restrict workers' freedom work, protected by ...