Observations and projections for mountain regions show a strong tendency towards upslope displacement of their biomes under future climate conditions. Because of their climatic and topographic heterogeneity, a more complex response is expected for biodiversity hotspots such as tropical mountain regions. This study analyzes potential changes in the distribution of biomes in the Tropical Andes an...

Climate variability and trends impact on Australia’s economy, environment and society. Australian research organisations are conducting many research projects to understand the magnitude of climate change (including natural variability and human induced climate change) and the physical drivers that underpin our ability to forecast and manage its impacts. Australia’s average temperature varies b...

we establish a relationship between general constrained pseudoconvex optimization problems and globally projected dynamical systems. a corresponding novel neural network model, which is globally convergent and stable in the sense of lyapunov, is proposed. both theoretical and numerical approaches are considered. numerical simulations for three constrained nonlinear optimization problems a...

AIM Climate change can lead to decreased climatic suitability within species' distributions, increased fragmentation of climatically suitable space, and/or emergence of newly suitable areas outside present distributions. Each of these extrinsic threats and opportunities potentially interacts with specific intrinsic traits of species, yet this specificity is seldom considered in risk assessments...

What inferences do readers make about “who knows what” in narrative worlds? We introduce the concepts of projected knowledge and projected co-presence to describe circumstances in which readers infer that characters possess information presented, for example, only in narration. Our experiments examine one type of evidence readers use to project knowledge. In Experiment 1, readers used character...

OBJECTIVE To determine what impact reliance on self reported smoking status during pregnancy has on both the accuracy of smoking prevalence figures and access to smoking cessation services for pregnant women in Scotland. DESIGN Retrospective, cross sectional study of cotinine measurements in stored blood samples. PARTICIPANTS Random sample (n=3475) of the 21 029 pregnant women in the West o...