The adverb is the most complicated, and perhaps also the most interesting part of speech. Past research in natural language processing, however, has not dealt seriously with adverbs, though linguists have done significant work on this word class. The current paper draws on this linguistic research to organize an adverbial lexicon which will be useful for information retrieval and natural langua...

Abstract. Degree adverbs are one of the important and difficult learning points in Teaching Chinese as a second language (TCSL). Commonly, degree divided into two types four levels. Each type level have different collocations, semantic features, etc. According to academic article collections CNKI google scholar, research on from perspective TCSL for Indonesian students is still very limited. Th...

This paper presents a descriptive overview and a formal analysis of the syntax of pronominal arguments, pronominal conjuncts and bound pronouns in Arabic. I argue that Arabic allows first conjuncts to be null and that this is an instance of a more general pattern of zero anaphora that may affect pronominal arguments or their first conjuncts. First Conjunct Agreement and constraints on the distr...

The present paper examines the elicited production of definite determiners, pronominal and reflexive clitics in a group of Italian children diagnosed for Selective Language Impairment. The present results argue against the Surface Hypothesis (Leonard, 1998; Leonard, 1989): Italian singular definite determiners and object pronominal clitics are phonologically identical, they are brief and non sa...

Free monads (and their variants) have become a popular general-purpose tool for representing the semantics of effectful programs in proof assistants. These data structures support compositional definition parameterized by uninterpreted events, while admitting rich equational theory equivalence. But are not only way to structure computation, why should we limit ourselves? In this paper, inspired...

In this paper we introduce a new type of fuzzy modifiers (i.e. mappings that transform a fuzzy set into a modified fuzzy set) based on fuzzy relations. We show how they can be applied for the representation of weakening adverbs (more or less, roughly) and intensifying adverbs (very, extremely) in the inclusive and the non-inclusive interpretation. We illustrate their use in an approximate reaso...

The semantic interpretation of adverbs such as only, also, and even has been a central issue of alternative semantics for focus (Rooth 1985, 1996). Some focus adverbs, including only in English, set a limit to the range of alternative sets by their syntactic position and / or prosodic patterns. In the following example, the syntactic position of only affects the range of alternative sets (as in...

Discourses are linguistic structures above sentence level. Discourse is nothing but a coherent sequence of sentences. Discourse analysis is concerned with coherent processing of text segments larger than the sentence and this requires something more than just the interpretation of the individual sentences. A phenomenon that operates at discourse level includes cohesion. Text is cohesive if its ...