AIMS To trace the evolution of Alcoholics Anonymous in Ireland from its establishment there in 1946, focusing on the efforts of early members to publicize the fellowship and negotiate a role for themselves in relation to existing religious and healthcare institutions. METHODS Archival research, drawing mainly on primary sources in AA archives in New York and Dublin. RESULTS Anticipated tens...

This article is a study of the Edinburgh-based anti-Catholic organisation, Scottish Reformation Society, in immediate aftermath 1850 restoration Roman Catholic hierarchy England and Wales, commonly known at time as papal aggression. The aggression sent shockwaves throughout was viewed by Protestants an illegal attempt to overthrow Britain's civil religious liberties Pope Pius IX. Despite practi...