Modern cultures are deeply imbued with notions of measurement. Nearly all scientific disciplines depend heavily on mathematics, and the social sciences in particular have seen a rapid recent development of quantitative methodology and accompanying measurement regimes. Political debate also involves the use of measurements of all kinds and it is often assumed that the introduction of new measure...

This note revisits the concepts of task and difficulty. The notion of cognitive task and its use for the evaluation of intelligent systems is still replete with issues. The view of tasks as MDP in the context of reinforcement learning has been especially useful for the formalisation of learning tasks. However, this alternate interaction does not accommodate well for some other tasks that are us...

this study aims to assess the validity and reliability of the persian version of simons and gaher's distress tolerance scale(dts) by administering it to nicotine dependent students of tehran university.in a descriptive cross-sectional study, 317 nicotine dependent students of tehran university who were selected, using available sampling method, completed dts, coping with stress- revised(cs-r), ...