The public utilities system continues to be accompanied by elements of a discrimination and inequality nature. On the one hand, through some regulations applicable in field energy, rules are established aimed at respecting principles non-admission inequality, on other discriminatory nature kept force or new ones ad-opted. lack effective mechanisms counteract these phenomena is detrimental good ...

The interaction between: (i) political constraints, in part based on notions of “nation building,” and independence; (ii) the development of a suitable legal and regulatory environment; and (iii) economic constraints such as a growing state budget deficit and a recent banking crisis, are the subject of this paper. The paper will review and discuss the main political economy and competition issu...

Public utility regulation arose naturally in the nineteenth century for gas, water, rail, telegraph, and later, electricity and telephony because these utilities require a fixed network to deliver their services. These networks need access to rights of way which requires community or government approval, while the network is a natural monopoly that precludes efficient competition and confers po...