In ancient culture and in different parts of world, there exist empirical knowledge of the use of plants for pest control for thousands of years (approx. 1500 BC), for example rotenone in east Asia and south America, neem in India, sabadilla in central and south America, and pyrethrin in Persia (Iran). Subsequently, botanical insecticides were introduced in prominent continents like Europe and ...

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) established diagnosis and treatment guidelines for pediculosis in 2002. Ideally, diagnosis should be based on the observation of a live louse. The presence of nits is also used by many people to positively diagnose an infestation, although a nit located farther from the scalp than 1 cm is unlikely to be viable. Other material on the scalp may be mistaken...

BACKGROUND Pediculiasis is treated aggressively in the United States, mainly with permethrin- and pyrethrin-containing pediculicides. Increasingly frequent anecdotal reports of treatment failure suggest the emergence of insecticidal resistance by these lice. OBJECTIVE To confirm or refute the susceptibility of head lice sampled in the United States to permethrin. DESIGN Survey. Head lice we...

Invasive crayfish (family Cambaridae) displace native species and alter aquatic habitat, community structure, ecosystem function. We evaluated whether chemical control can be a reliable agent for to ensure that shipments from fish hatcheries did not result in new infestations of invasive crayfish. A series acute (≤1 h) toxicity tests were conducted evaluate the cypermethrin pyrethrin crayfish, ...

Dalmatian pyrethrum Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Sch. Bip. (Asteraceae) is a perennial herb endemic to the eastern coast of Adriatic Sea. The species widely cultivated in many countries for its bioactive compounds pyrethrins, which are used as natural insecticides. Plants derived from seeds vary greatly pyrethrin content; therefore, vegetative propagation high-quality individuals very im...

The authors evaluated the effects on malaria vectors of bed nets impregnated with permethrin over the course of a 16-month controlled study in four communities of Northern Guatemala. Anopheles albimanus and An. vestitipennis were the known malaria vectors in the area. Households were allocated to one of three experimental groups: those receiving bed nets impregnated with 500 mg/m2 of permethrin...

1. Jones KN, English JC. Review of common therapeutic options in the United States for the treatment of pediculosis capitis. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36:1355–61. 2. Chosidow O. Scabies and pediculosis. Lancet 2000; 355:819–26. 3. Roberts RJ. Clinical practice: head lice. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:1645–50. 4. Nash B. Clinical review: treating head lice. BMJ 2003; 326:1256–7. 5. Vander Stichele RH, Dez...

Two distant Antioquian cattle farms where systemic and topical acaricides had previously failed to control infestations by Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus were studied. An initial in vivo study was conducted using single subcutaneous injections with a long-acting formulation of ivermectin (630 μg/kg). Injections were made at 3-month intervals on animals at each farm to evaluate the therapeu...

Chemical substances, whether naturally occurring or artificially synthesized, continue to play an extremely beneficial role in human life. Life would be unsustainable without the benefits by products of chemical reactions, such as oxygen, water, and various types of nutrient substances. Drugs, foods, fibers, pesticides, etc. have been artificially designed and produced for protecting and improv...