We examine individual harvesters’ preferences for government enforcement of a quota imposed on the exploitation of a common pool resource. We develop a model of Nash behavior by identical risk neutral harvesters to explain individual equilibrium preferences for enforcement of an efficient harvest quota. If the quota is not enforced well, we demonstrate that individual harvesters will always pre...

We provide a dynamic model of natural resource management where the optimal institutional structure that governs resource use changes with resource depletion. Copeland and Taylor (2009) analyze how characteristics of a natural resource determine whether its steady-state management regime is open access, communal property, or private property. We extend this and other studies of endogenous insti...

Hexachlorocyclohexane dehydrochlorinase (LinA) mediates dehydrochlorination of γ-HCH to 1, 3, 4, 6-tetrachloro-1,4-cyclohexadiene that constitutes first step of the aerobic degradation pathway. We report the 3.5 Å crystal structure of a thermostable LinA-type2 protein, obtained from a soil metagenome, in the hexagonal space group P6(3)22 with unit cell parameters a = b = 162.5, c = 186.3 Å, res...

Many countries have adopted or are considering incentive approaches to environmental regulation, such as tradable permit schemes to control pollution. Regulators influence the success of tradable permit programs by their choice of market rules and permit allocation mechanisms. This paper uses laboratory experiments to study how the transaction costs incurred by participants interact with the in...

Bir enerji kaynağı olarak fosil yakıt, Sanayi Devriminden itibaren üretimin en önemli unsurlarından biri olmuştur. Ancak yakıtların dünyanın her yerinde eşit bir şekilde dağılım göstermediği görülmektedir. Bu durum bazı ülkeleri ihracatçısı durumuna getirirken yakıt bulunmayan ise ithalatçı konuma getirmiştir. Yeterli kaynağına sahip olmayan ülkeler üretim miktarını ve toplumsal refah düzeyini ...

The known interactions between the somatotropic and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axes have not been well delineated in older individuals. Aging-associated decline in insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels has been proposed to play a role in reproductive senescence in animals. However, the effects of GH on LH secretion are unknown in older individuals. Our objective was to determine...

The effects of a 4-min exercise on the duration of the systolic time intervals were determined in 20 patients with angina and 20 age-matched normal controls. The preejection period was shortened 26 msec in normal subjects and 35 msec in angina patients. In normal subjects, total electromechanical systole corrected for heart rate (Q2.) decreased 24 msec, while the left ventricular ejection time ...

This entry examines the relationship between property rights and environmental protection. According to the ‘tragedy of the commons’ model, environmental pollution and resource depletion result from the inadequate specification of property rights in environmental goods. Two solutions typically are offered for averting the ‘tragedy’: (1) specify property rights (that is, privatize the commons) o...

We consider a class of problems, which we call “SFQ” problems, in which both stocks and ows can be controlled to promote the quality of a valued resource, such as environmental quality or public infrastructure. Under the optimal policy, periodic restoration of the stock of quality complements positive but variable abatement of the ow of damages. When deterioration is more rapid or highly vari...

The water balance in Martapura watershed is calculated to maximise utilization. Watershed located Banjar Regency and Banjarmasin City. utilization of River are for 6 irrigation area, ​​641 Ha fish ponds 25 Swamp Irrigation Areas, 7 intake raw water, 8 intakes industry river maintenance using Q95%.Rainfall runoff calculation the FJ Mock method. divided into 10 sub-watersheds (sub-watershed A sub...