It has been established that insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice results from a CD4+ and CD8+ T cell-dependent autoimmune process directed against the pancreatic beta cells. The precise roles that beta cell-reactive CD8+ and CD4+ T cells play in the disease process, however, remain ill defined. Here we have investigated whether naive beta cell-specific CD8...

The recombination activating genes RAG-1 and RAG-2 are expressed in a lymphoid-cell-specific and developmentally regulated fashion. To understand the transcriptional basis for this regulation, we have cloned and characterized the murine RAG-2 promoter. The promoter was lymphoid cell specific, showing activity in various B- and T-cell lines but little activity in nonlymphoid cells. To our surpri...

The differentiation status of Sternberg-Reed (SR) cells is still not well defined, primarily because of their scarcity in tumor biopsies of Hodgkin's disease (HD). In this study we have determined the genomic differentiation status of SR cells by quantitation of recombinase activating gene (RAG) expression. RAG genes are selectively transcribed in immature lymphoid cells. In B cells they are si...

The kidney disease (kd) mutation was transferred to a C57BL/6 (B6) background by selection for closely linked microsatellite markers. The resulting congenic strain, B6.kd, was mated with partners homozygous for targeted mutations of CD4, CD8, CD28, IL-2, recombinase-activating gene-1 (Rag-1), ICAM-1, or beta(2)-microglobulin. In most of the resulting double mutants, kidney disease occurred as r...

RAG initiates antibody V(D)J recombination in developing lymphocytes by generating "on-target" DNA breaks at matched pairs of bona fide recombination signal sequences (RSSs). We employ bait RAG-generated breaks in endogenous or ectopically inserted RSS pairs to identify huge numbers of RAG "off-target" breaks. Such breaks occur at the simple CAC motif that defines the RSS cleavage site and are ...

Abstract Retrieval Augment Generation (RAG) is a recent advancement in Open-Domain Question Answering (ODQA). RAG has only been trained and explored with Wikipedia-based external knowledge base not optimized for use other specialized domains such as healthcare news. In this paper, we evaluate the impact of joint training retriever generator components task domain adaptation ODQA. We propose RAG...

Estimates put the origin of V(D)J recombination at ‫ف‬ 450 million years ago (for reviews, see references 1, 2). It has been speculated that it all started with a chance occurrence, the integration of a mobile element into a gene encoding an Ig domain (3). The acquisition of the V(D)J recombination system represented a major advance in the biological arms race between vertebrates and their path...

We investigated the role of antigen-presenting cells in early interferon (IFN)g production in normal and recombinase activating gene 2–deficient (Rag-2 2/2 ) mice in response to Listeria monocytogenes (LM) infection and interleukin (IL)-12 administration. Levels of serum IFNg in Rag-2 2/2 mice were comparable to those of normal mice upon either LM infection or IL-12 injection. Depletion of natu...