BACKGROUND Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) provide numerous services to their plant symbionts. Understanding climate change effects on AMF, and the resulting plant responses, is crucial for predicting ecosystem responses at regional and global scales. We investigated how the effects of climate change on AMF-plant symbioses are mediated by soil water availability, soil nutrient availability, ...

Detection of rain/no-rain condition on the ground is an important for application of radar rainfall algorithms. A radial basis function (RBF) neural network-based scheme for rain/no-rain determination on the ground using vertical profiles of radar data is described in this paper. Evaluation based on WSR-88D radar over central Florida indicates that rain/no-rain condition can be inferred fairly ...

Gravity ventilators rely simply on air buoyancy to extract air and are widely used to exhaust air contaminants and heat from workplaces using minimal energy. They are designed to maximize the exhaust flow rate, but the rain penetration sometimes causes malfunctioning. In this study, the characteristics of rain penetration through a ventilator were examined as a preliminary study to develop a ve...

The synthesis of sound textures, such as rain, wind, or crowds, is an important application for cinema, multimedia creation, games and installations. However, despite the clearly defined requirements of naturalness and flexibility, no automatic method has yet found widespread use. After clarifying the definition, terminology, and usages of sound texture synthesis, we will give an overview of th...

Though warm rain from low-level liquid clouds contributes significantly to the global precipitation and water cycle, it has been missed or underestimated by satellite remote sensing techniques. IR techniques miss all warm rain because they rely on cloud top temperature. Over land, passive microwave techniques miss all warm rain because they rely on ice scattering at high frequency channel. Over...

We investigated the large-scale connection between African aerosol and precipitation in the West African Monsoon (WAM) region using 8-year (2000–2007) monthly and daily Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) aerosol products (aerosol optical depth, fine mode fraction) and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation and rain type. These high-quality data further confi...

introduction: weather features and their variations have an important role in the yield of agricultural products, especially in rain-fed conditions. the main metrological variables that affected yields consist of precipitation, temperature, soil moisture and solar radiation. also, drought is one of the major constraints to production, especially the mid-season drought which occurs during the po...

A Z-R relation is derived using a data set which consists of nine rain events selected from Singapore’s drop size distribution. Rain events are separated into convective and stratiform types of rain using two methods: the Gamache-Houze method, a simple threshold technique, and the Atlas-Ulbrich method. In the Atlas-Ulbrich method, the variability of the rain integral parameters R, Z, Nw, D0 and...

Prognostic equations for the rain mass mixing ratio and the rain drop number concentration are introduced into the large-scale cloud microphysics parameterization of the ECHAM5 general circulation model (ECHAM5-RAIN). For this a rain flux from one level to the next with the appropriate fall speed is introduced. This maintains rain water in 5 the atmosphere to be available for the next time step...

Precipitation is one important input variable for land surface hydrologic and ecological models. Next Generation Radar (NEXRAD) can provide precipitation products that cover most of the conterminous United States at high resolution (approximately 4 km 4 km). There are two major issues concerning the application of NEXRAD data: 1) the lack of a NEXRAD geo-processing and geo-referring program and...