BACKGROUND Trials demonstrate the efficacy of medications to reduce the risk for invasive breast cancer. PURPOSE To summarize benefits and harms of tamoxifen citrate, raloxifene, and tibolone to reduce the risk for primary breast cancer. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE and Cochrane databases from inception to January 2009, Web of Science, trial registries, and manufacturer information. STUDY SELECTI...

BACKGROUND Hormone therapy, oral contraceptives, and tamoxifen increase the risk of thrombotic disease. These compounds also reduce plasma content of tissue factor pathway inhibitor-1 (TFPI), which is the physiological inhibitor of the tissue factor pathway of coagulation. The current aim was to study if estrogens and estrogen receptor (ER) modulators may inhibit TFPI production in cultured end...

CONTEXT Raloxifene is a promising breast cancer prevention agent in postmenopausal women at increased risk for breast cancer. The effects of raloxifene in premenopausal women are unknown. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the effect of raloxifene in premenopausal women at increased risk for breast cancer on bone mineral density (BMD). DESIGN This was a phase II clinical trial. SETTING This study was...

Recent successes in the pharmacotherapeutic treatment of breast cancer are associated with the use of selective estrogen receptor modulators. Two commonly prescribed pharmaceuticals in this class, tamoxifen and raloxifene, have been shown to have effects through estrogen receptor (ER)-independent mechanisms. Hyperactivation of phospholipase D (PLD) in certain tumor-derived cell lines have been ...

The selective estrogen receptor modulators tamoxifen and raloxifene represent a major therapeutic advance for clinical practice. Unlike estrogens, which are uniformly agonists, tamoxifen and raloxifene exert selective agonistic or antagonistic effects on various estrogen target tissues. The aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of tamoxifen and raloxifene on the conversion of cholester...

We previously reported the occurrence and function of plasma membrane estrogen receptors in cultured bovine adrenal medullary cells. Here we report the effects of raloxifene and tamoxifen, selective estrogen receptor modulators, on plasma membrane estrogen receptors and catecholamine synthesis and secretion in these cells. Raloxifene caused dual effects on the specific binding of [(3)H]17β-estr...

Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have an increased risk of fracture. Raloxifene is a mild antiresorptive agent that reduces fracture risk in the general population. Here we assessed the impact of raloxifene on the skeletal properties of animals with progressive CKD. Male Cy/+ rats that develop autosomal dominant cystic kidney disease were treated with either vehicle or raloxifene for ...

Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug, used to prevent organ transplant rejection. Immunosuppresants are known to unfavorably affect the osseous system. However, in our previous study on bone histomorphometric parameters we observed that low-dose tacrolimus intensified bone formation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of low-dose tacrolimus on bone mechanical propert...

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), proteolytic enzymes produced by monocytes, may contribute to atherosclerotic arterial wall remodeling and to plaque rupture. Because estrogen influences the synthesis of MMPs, we examined the effect of raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, on monocyte MMP production. Human primary blood monocytes treated with raloxifene (10 mmol/L) in the presenc...

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), proteolytic enzymes produced by monocytes, may contribute to atherosclerotic arterial wall remodeling and to plaque rupture. Because estrogen influences the synthesis of MMPs, we examined the effect of raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, on monocyte MMP production. Human primary blood monocytes treated with raloxifene (10 micromol/L) in the pre...