A general assumption for incentive mechanisms is that all agents are rational and seek to maximize their utility. When some agents are irrational and launch various attacks, these mechanisms may fail to work. To address the issue of evaluating the robustness of incentive mechanisms, we propose a robustness metric in this paper. It is inspired by the studies of the evolutionary game theory and d...

We obtain partial results on the conjecture that for the almost Mathieu operator at irrational frequency, α, the measure of the spectrum, S(α,Λ,,θ) = |4 — 2\λ\\. For \λ\ή=2 we show that if an is rational and αM-^α irrational, then S+(απ,λ,0)-»|4 -2|λ||.

Bubbles in asset prices have fascinated researchers in finance. Identify asset bubbles, by circumstances, on the stock market has been a growing number of research theoretical and empirical. On a theoretical level, it was assumed that the price dynamics reflect irrational behavior of economic agents and, therefore, should be excluded from a deal with the truly rational economic agents Burmeiste...

1. The Set Q 1 2. Addition and multiplication of rational numbers 4 2.1. Definitions and properties. 4 2.2. Comments 7 2.3. Connections with Z. 9 2.4. Better notation. 10 2.5. Solving the equations Ea,b and Ma,b. 12 3. Ordering the rational numbers 13 4. Sequences and limits in Q 18 5. Non-convergent Cauchy sequences of rationals 20 5.1. An irrational sequence of rationals 20 5.2. An irrational...

One of the most important problems encountered by healthcare system is the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance. It may result from irrational or inappropriate use of antibiotics. The present study was undertaken to screen rational use of antimicrobials in outpatient department (OPD). Prescriptions from medicine, surgery, obstetrics and gynecology (OBG) and pediatrics OPDs were col...

In this paper, a number of theoretical issues concerning rational beliefs in REBT will be discussed. In particular, a distinction will be made between rational beliefs which appear rational but are only partially rational (called here, partially formed rational beliefs) and rational beliefs that are fully rational (called here, fully formed rational beliefs). Making this distinction has a numbe...