BACKGROUND Pretreatment is a vital step upon biochemical conversion of lignocellulose materials into biofuels. An acid catalyzed thermochemical treatment is the most commonly employed method for this purpose. Alternatively, ionic liquids (ILs), a class of neoteric solvents, provide unique opportunities as solvents for the pretreatment of a wide range of lignocellulose materials. In the present ...

High-speed digital LSI chips usually consist of many sub-circuits coupled with multi-conductor interconnects embedded in the substrate. They sometimes cause serious problems of the fault switching operations due to the time-delays, crosstalks, re ections, etc. In order to solve these problems, it is very important to develop a user-friendly simulator for the analysis of LSIs coupled with interc...

High frequency digital LSIs usually consist of many subcircuits coupled with multi-conductor interconnects embedded in the substrate. They sometimes cause serious problems of the fault switching operations due to the time-delays, crosstalks, reflections and so on. In order to solve these problems, it is very important to develop a user-friendly simulator for the analysis of LSIs coupled with in...

Recently a new algorithm for model reduction of second order linear dynamical systems with proportional damping, the Adaptive Iterative Rational Global Arnoldi (AIRGA) algorithm [8], has been proposed. The main computational cost of the AIRGA algorithm is solving a sequence of linear systems. Usually, direct methods (e.g., LU) are used for solving these systems. As model sizes grow, direct meth...

Background: The purpose was to evaluate a level supine intervention (LSI) during laparoscopic surgery in steep Trendelenburg position (Lap ST). Increased intraocular pressure (IOP) and decreases in ocular perfusion pressure have been monitored during Lap ST procedures. Peri-orbital swelling and venous congestion in addition to IOP may produce a low perfusion state in the eye, via a compartment ...

The effects of recombinant canine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rcG-CSF) and recombinant canine stem cell factor (rcSCF), a c-kit ligand, on the circulation of hematopoietic progenitor and stem cells were studied in a canine model. Administration of rcG-CSF (10 micrograms/kg) for 7 days led to a 5.4-fold increase in CFU-GM/mL of blood, while 7 days of rcSCF (200 micrograms/kg) led to a...