the widespread use of sulfur mustard  (sm) as a chemical warfare agent in the  past century has proved its long-lasting toxic effects. despite a lot of research over the past decades on iranian veterans, there are still major gaps in the sm literature. transforming growth  factor  (tgf-β),  a  cytokine  that  affects  many  different  cell processes,  has  an important role in the lungs of pati...

Muscle stem (satellite) cells are relatively resistant to cell-autonomous aging. Instead, their endogenous signaling profile and regenerative capacity is strongly influenced by the aged P-Smad3, differentiated niche, and by the aged circulation. With respect to muscle fibers, we previously established that a shift from active Notch to excessive transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) induces...

Dna2 was first characterized in yeast as an essential gene encoding a protein with both helicase and endonuclease activities involved in maturation of Okazaki fragments during DNA replication. Dna2 also plays a role in double-strand break (DSB) repair by homolo-gous recombination. The respective contributions of its replication and/or repair functions toward cell viability and resistance to gen...

Bone growth and remodeling are controlled by local and systemic growth factors. The first local bone growth factor purified to homogeneity was transforming growth factor type beta (TGF-beta). On skeletal cells, TGF-beta has multiple effects mediated through at least three distinct cell surface receptors. More recent evidence demonstrated hormone and growth factor dependent alterations in TGF-be...

MDA-MB-468 human breast cancer cells lack estrogen receptors, overexpress epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptors, and are growth inhibited by EGF. We show that treatment of MDA-MB-468 cells with EGF leads to inhibition of cell proliferation, fragmentation of DNA into nucleosomal oligomers, and the development of apoptotic morphology. This treatment is associated with increased expression of c-...

The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) pathway plays dual roles in cancer, inhibiting epithelial cell growth under normal physiologic conditions, but promoting invasion and metastasis once growth inhibitory responses are lost. Two recent papers show that TGF-beta receptor III is the most common TGF-beta pathway component downregulated in prostate cancer. Here, we discuss the implication...