ONVENTIONAL recombination theory has held that genetic recombination occurs after DNA replication, when each chromosome is composed of two chromatids; that crossing over involves a full-chromatid interaction between nonsister chromatids, and yields reciprocal products from breakage reunion events; and that either no crossing over occurs between sister chromatids, or if it occurs it is unrelated...

Ovariectomy-induced bone loss is related to an increased deposition of osteoclasts on bone surfaces. We reported that the 36-amino-acid-long neuropeptide Y (NPY) could mobilize hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) from the bone marrow to the peripheral blood by regulating HSPC maintenance factors and that mobilization of HSPCs ameliorated low bone density in an ovariectomy-induced osteop...

In vitro compartmentalization (IVC) was employed for the first time to select for novel bacteriophage lambda integrase variants displaying significantly enhanced recombination activity on a non-cognate target DNA sequence. These variants displayed up to 9-fold increased recombination activity over the parental enzyme, and one mutant recombined the chosen non-cognate substrate more efficiently t...

Homologous recombination in yeast can be exploited to reliably generate libraries of >10(7) transformants from a pool of PCR products and a linearized plasmid vector. Homology in the PCR insertion products drives shuffling of these genes in vivo by yeast homologous recombination. Two scFvs that share 89.8% homology were shuffled in vivo by homologous recombination, and chimeric genes were gener...

Many microorganisms exhibit high levels of intragenic recombination following horizontal gene transfer events. Furthermore, many microbial genes are subject to strong diversifying selection as part of the pathogenic process. A multiple sequence alignment is an essential starting point for many of the tools that provide fundamental insights on gene structure and evolution, such as phylogenetics;...

Native and recombined lipoproteins have been studied by (31)P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Very low-, low-, and high-density lipoproteins exhibited characteristic spectra. The main resonances were assigned to phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin. Relaxation times for these phospholipids were separately measured in low-density lipoproteins and high-density lipoproteins. The effect o...

During development internal models of the sensory world must be acquired which have to be continuously adapted later. We used event-related potentials (ERP) to test the hypothesis that infants extract crossmodal statistics implicitly while adults learn them when task relevant. Participants were passively exposed to frequent standard audio-visual combinations (A1V1, A2V2, p=0.35 each), rare reco...