[1] The dynamic and thermodynamic processes that underlie the exceptionally high evaporation over the northern Red Sea are examined. Through a combination of data analysis and a simple numerical model we show that the key boundary layer dehumidifier is ageostrophic cross-channel sea breezes. This circulation develops semidiurnally in response to thermal gradients across the Red Sea’s coasts bec...

In our six box model (6BM) the Southern Ocean is represented by an Antarctic and a Subantarctic region. For simplicity, the lower (blue) circulation is represented entirely by mixing between the Antarctic surface waters (box a) and the deep ocean (box d), Mixad. The upper (red) circulation is represented by upwelling in the Subantarctic region (box s) and the subsequent transport of water to th...

Article history: The isotopic composition of Received 18 April 2008 Received in revised form 25 July 2008 Accepted 29 July 2008 Available online 7 September 2008 Editor: M.L. Delaney

A three dimensional hydrostatic finite volume ocean model has been developed to solve the integral dynamical equations. Since the basic (integral) equations are solved for finite volumes rather than grid points, the flux conservation is easily enforced, even on arbitrary meshes. Both upwind and high-order combined compact schemes can be incorporated into the model to increase computational stab...

Ocean general circulation models (OGCMs) are important tools for climatological research. These models approximate the solution to the governing equations to predict horizontal velocity components, temperature, salinity, and other chosen parameters. The GFDL OGCM, or Modular Ocean Model (MOM), is an example of such a code. This code was originally developed at the Geophysical Fluids Dynamics La...

Most of the Southern Ocean (SO) is marginally stably stratified and thus prone to enhanced convection and possibly bottom-water formation whenever the upper ocean is cooled or made more saline by ice formation. Sea ice modifies the heat and freshwater fluxes, which in turn constitute a critical surface condition in this sensitive region of intense vertical exchange. The authors investigate the ...

Two new species of the gobiid genus Cabillus, C. nigromarginatus sp. nov. and Cabillus nigrostigmus sp. nov. are described. Cabillus nigromarginatus (from Rodrigues, Western Indian Ocean) is distinguished from congeners by having 18-20 pectoral-fin rays; predorsal area naked; two scales with enlarged ctenii ventrally and dorsally at the caudal-fin base; head with anterior and posterior oculosca...

[1] Africa-North America-Eurasia plate circuit rotations, combined with Red Sea rotations and new estimates of crustal shortening in Iran define the Cenozoic history of the Neotethyan ocean between Arabia and Eurasia. The new constraints indicate that Arabia-Eurasia convergence has been fairly constant at 2 to 3 cm/yr since 56 Ma with slowing of Africa-Eurasia motion to <1 cm/yr near 25 Ma, coe...

The number of valid species in the genus Echinometra (Echinodermata, Echinoidea) and their associated identification keys have been debated in the scientific literature for more than 180 years. As the phylogeny and dispersal patterns of these species have been widely used as a prominent model for marine speciation, new insights into their taxonomy have the potential to deepen our understanding ...