Synthetic decorative materials such as synthetic leather and printed wood grain are widely used in our everyday life, but we often notice that they are imitations because they lack richness of the appearance. One of the differences between the appearances of natural materials and synthetic ones is the complicated variance of reflection, but imitations have no means for reproducing the optical e...

In augmented virtuality which virtualizes real objects to construct a mixed reality environment, it is important to estimate object surface reflectance properties to render objects under arbitrary illumination conditions. The authors developed a method to estimate reflectance properties of object surfaces densely. However, it was difficult to estimate surface reflectance properties faithfully f...

The main advantage of Bragg reflection from a multilayer mirror as a monochromator for hard X-rays, is the higher photon flux density because of the larger spectral bandpass compared with crystal lattice reflection. The main disadvantage lies in the strong modulations of the reflected beam profile. This is a major issue for micro-imaging applications, where multilayer-based monochromators are f...

This paper proposes an ontological model of Donald Schön’s notion of reflection in the domain of designing. We address two views of this notion. First, we present a functional view that describes reflection in terms of the designer’s interactions with the design object and their intended and unintended consequences that then drive further interactions. Second, we present a constructional view t...

We introduce the concept of a reflection quasilattice, the quasiperiodic generalization of a Bravais lattice with irreducible reflection symmetry. Among their applications, reflection quasilattices are the reciprocal (i.e. Bragg diffraction) lattices for quasicrystals and quasicrystal tilings, such as Penrose tilings, with irreducible reflection symmetry and discrete scale invariance. In a foll...

Birds-of-paradise are nature's prime examples of the evolution of color by sexual selection. Their brilliant, structurally colored feathers play a principal role in mating displays. The structural coloration of both the occipital and breast feathers of the bird-of-paradise Lawes' parotia is produced by melanin rodlets arranged in layers, together acting as interference reflectors. Light reflect...

Many biophotonic structures have their spectral properties of reflection 'tuned' using the (zeroth-order) Bragg criteria for phase constructive interference. This is associated with a periodicity, or distribution of periodicities, parallel to the direction of illumination. The polarization properties of these reflections are, however, typically constrained by the dimensional symmetry and intrin...

Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) excel in optimizing systems with a large number of variables. Previous mathematical and empirical studies have shown that opposition-based algorithms can improve EA performance. We review existing opposition-based algorithms and introduce a new one. The proposed algorithm is named fitness-based quasi-reflection and employs the relative fitness of solution candidate...

OBJECTIVES We analyze a reflection-mode multiple-illumination photoacoustic method which allows us to estimate optical scattering properties of turbid media based on fitting light-transport models and explore its limits in optical property estimation and depth-dependent fluence compensation. BACKGROUND Recent simulation results show significant promise for a technique called multiple-illumina...

A detailed investigation has been made of the unusual characteristics of the angular distribution of surface scattering from velvet in the visual region. We present a novel method in which samples of velvet fabric are wrapped around a right-circular cylinder so that reemitted radiance can be measured by a digital CCD camera. This setup makes it relatively simple to acquire a large set of bidire...