In this paper, we present Schön’s approach to design, as we have described it in The Cognitive Artifacts of Designing (2006). Schön is (if one excepts the design theorist Rittel) the first author after Simon to introduce a new approach to cognitive design theory. Schön formulated his view on design in terms of “reflective activity” and related notions, especially “reflective practice”, “reflect...

Abstract One of the many established predictors conspiracy beliefs is reflective thinking, but no meta-analysis so far has examined this relationship. In current published and unpublished correlational data (145 samples, 181 effect sizes), we found a significant negative association between thinking with medium-level size (r = –.189) . Similar levels correlations were across different types mea...

OBJECTIVE To identify individual and social factors associated with pharmacy students' level of reflection in an advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE). METHODS A postal questionnaire, including a reflective assignment, was sent to all pharmacy interns (n=262) at Uppsala University, Sweden, for 4 semesters in 2005-2007. RESULTS In a univariate analysis, 7 factors were found to be asso...

A three-stage schema-based information processing model of anxiety is described that involves: (a) the initial registration of a threat stimulus; (b) the activation of a primal threat mode; and (c) the secondary activation of more elaborative and reflective modes of thinking. The defining elements of automatic and strategic processing are discussed with the cognitive bias in anxiety reconceptua...

This paper explored students’ preferences toward the constructivist Internet-based learning environments. A Constructivist Internet-based Learning Environment Survey (CILES) was developed. The CILES consisted of six scales, including student negotiation, inquiry learning, reflective thinking, relevance, ease of use and challenge. Questionnaire responses gathered from more than 700 high school s...

This paper describes a model for analysing collaborative knowledge building (CKB) process during a group activity. Singh et al’s (2007) model of CKB process is used for analysing the process using data from an educational case. The concept of CKB activity system is developed based on the constructs of activity theory for analysing the case. The analysis of the case used constructs from reflecti...