This Lessons from History article about the wind-chill index (WCI) explores historical polar and meteorologic literature relevant to topic presents unpublished work 1939. Geographer Paul Siple (1908–1968) was a 6-time Antarctic explorer scientist who invented named WCI in his doctoral dissertation at Clark University. Charles Passel (1915–2002) performed studies Antarctica 1940 that led publica...

The food-borne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes is notable for its ability to grow under osmotic stress and at low temperatures. It is known to accumulate the compatible solutes glycine betaine and carnitine from the medium in response to osmotic or chill stress, and this accumulation confers tolerance to these stresses. Two permeases that transport glycine betaine have been identified, both of ...

Low temperature causes most insects to enter a state of neuromuscular paralysis, termed chill coma. The susceptibility of insect species to chill coma is tightly correlated to their distribution limits and for this reason it is important to understand the cellular processes that underlie chill coma. It is known that muscle function is markedly depressed at low temperature and this suggests that...

5 This paper describes the transformation of the CSU-CHILL National Radar Facility from 6 a single-frequency (S-band) dual-polarization Doppler weather radar system to a dual7 frequency (S and X band) dual-polarization Doppler system with coaxial beams. A brief 8 history regarding the development of dual-wavelength radars is first presented. In the past 9 dual-wavelength measurements were used ...

Navigating copyright issues can be frustrating to the point of causing anxiety, potentially discouraging or inhibiting legitimate uses copyright-protected materials. A lack data about extent and impact these phenomena, known as anxiety chill, respectively, motivated authors create Copyright Anxiety Scale (CAS). This article provides an overview CAS’s development validity testing. Results initia...

Researchers are calling for a strengthening of the Antarctic Treaty in the face of expected growth in the search for organisms on the continent that may provide lucrative material for biotechnology companies. The call comes because of the background of scientific collaboration that has been in place for more than 40 years which has helped maintain an almost unique international collaboration to...

Chilling injury and death are the ultimate consequence of low temperature exposure for chill susceptible insects, and low temperature tolerance is considered one of the most important factors determining insect distribution patterns. The physiological mechanisms that cause chilling injury are unknown, but chronic cold exposure that causes injury is consistently associated with elevated extracel...

Current alphanumeric and biometric authentication systems cannot withstand situations where a user is coerced into releasing their authentication materials under hostile circumstances. Existing approaches of coercion resistant authentication systems (CRAS) propose authentication factors such as implicit learning tasks, which are non-transferable, but still have the drawback that an attacker can...

OBJECTIVE To assess trends in the nutritional quality of hospital menus and examine differences between menus used in hospitals with cook-chill or cook-fresh food services. DESIGN Standard patient menus were analysed against 28 criteria to assess nutritional standards and compared with results from similar studies in 1986 and 1993. SETTING Menus were collected from 80 hospitals in New South...