Immobilization of normal people causes reabsorption of calcium from bone, a small rise in serum ionized calcium, and, rarely, frank hypercalcaemia. The hazard is increased when patients with renal osteodystrophy are immobilized because of pathological fractures.

in disorders of calcium metabolism. Ann Clin Biochem 1988;25:367-82. 2. Sherwood LM. Vitamin D, parathyroid hormone, and renal failure. N Engl J Med 1987;316:1601-2. 3. Malluche HH, FaugereMC. Renal osteodystrophy. N Engi J Med 1989;321:317-9. 4. Andress DL, Norris KC, Coburn JW, Slatopolsky EA, Sherrard DJ. Intravenous calcitrol in the treatment of refractory osteitis fibrosa of chronic renal ...

Aims Renal Osteodystrophy (ROD) is a systemic disorder that develops early with loss of kidney functions and is manifested by abnormalities in bone metabolism, mineralization and volume. Phosphate binders are a major constituent in chronic kidney disease management. Previous Aluminum and calcium containing phosphate binders were thought to be of detrimental effect on bone histology. The aim of ...

Introduction Chronic renal diseases (CRD) are important health care problems throughout the world, with an increasing prevalence. Diseases of the kidney are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in both the developed and developing nations. CRD and their treatment can give rise to wide spectrum of systemic and oral manifestations. The management of such individuals requires that the clinicia...

Bone histomorphometry has been the gold standard in the evaluation and diagnosis of renal osteodystrophy. The recent new definition of renal osteodystrophy as chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder has once again highlighted the use of bone biopsy as a powerful and diagnostic tool to determine skeletal abnormalities in chronic kidney disease. The procedure of iliac crest bone biopsy h...