The origin and early evolution of amniotes (fully terrestrial vertebrates) led to major changes in the structure and hierarchy of terrestrial ecosystems. The first appearance of herbivores played a pivotal role in this transformation. After an early bifurcation into Reptilia and Synapsida (including mammals) 315 Ma, synapsids dominated Paleozoic terrestrial vertebrate communities, with the herb...

The genus Laticauda (Reptilia: Elapidae), commonly known as sea kraits, comprises eight species of marine amphibious snakes distributed along the shores of the Western Pacific Ocean and the Eastern Indian Ocean. We review the information available on the geographic range of sea kraits and analyze their distribution patterns. Generally, we found that south and south-west of Japan, Philippines Ar...

Bonai Forest Division (BFD) is enjoying the tropical moist deciduous, dry and semi-evergreen forest. Among biotic abiotic factors, faunal species that are found on forest floor very important. They important members of food chain, feed upon dead decaying matter, after death, add organic matter to soil as a source nutrients for floral communities but there lack in documentation. For better under...