'If the clinician knows, or has good reason to believe, that a new therapy (A) is better than another therapy (B), he cannot participate in a comparative trial of therapy A versus therapy B. Ethically, the clinician is obligated to give therapy A to each new patient with a need for one of these therapies' (Shaw and Chalmers, 1970). This ethical dilemma would make participation in clinical trial...

Introduction: Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) components used in total joint replacements have rims and fillets that act as design stress risers; thus, it is of interest to determine the behavior UHMWPE under multiaxial loading conditions. Currently, there are a number of conventional and crosslinked UHMWPE formulations in clinical use in total hip and total knee replacement c...

We have studied the temperature dependence of the integer quantum Hall transitions in the molecular crystal (TMTSF)2PF6. We find that the transition width between the quantum Hall plateaus does not exhibit the universal power-law scaling behavior of the integer quantum Hall effect observed in semiconducting devices. Instead, the slope of the ρxy risers, dρxy/dB, and the (inverse) width of the ρ...

The kurtosis statistic is introduced as a sensitive tool for efficient preliminary analysis of flowinduced vibration response data. The kurtosis of sequential blocks of time series data allows one to distinguish single mode lock-in events. The problem of predicting lock-in is then discussed. Instructional examples are introduced to illustrate the relative importance of flow-speed, power-in leng...

The increasing energy demand has led to more explorations in the oil and gas industry. To achieve this, marine risers pipelines are used convey fluid other resources meet demand. In recent years, hybrid flexible composite have become adaptable. Flexible already proven be a popular riser solution for various floating production systems shallow deepwater many parts of world due their good dynamic...

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are being increasingly applied as thermally driven actuators. The commercially available SMA elements, however, frequently contain stress risers, either due to internal or surface defects the required component shape. Stress risers represent a potential danger for preliminary fatigue failure of such actuators but its actual mechanism is not very clear. This paper pres...