Abstract Paint appearance is an important requirement for outer automobile panels. Since the last decade automotive manufacturers started reducing paint thickness to address environmental concerns. As a result, surface roughening of steel substrate due stamping becomes critical factor appearance. Although much research work has been conducted on roughening, limited focused waviness and conditio...

Limited dispersal distance generates spatial aggregation. Intraspecific interactions are then concentrated within clusters, and between-species interactions occur near cluster boundaries. Spread of a locally dispersing invader can become motion of an interface between the invading and resident species, and spatial competition will produce variation in the extent of invasive advance along the in...

Straining of sheet metal leads to surface roughness changes. In this study, foils AISI 201 and 304 stainless steel were strained in uniaxial tension impose roughening their surfaces. Thereafter, the corrosion resistance, electrical resistivity, magnetic field density, lubricated friction resulting surfaces evaluated. The effect strain-rate on roughening, thereby against tools, occurrence deform...