OBJECTIVES To describe clinical effects, circumstances of occurrence, management and outcomes of cases of inadvertent administration of medications by an incorrect parenteral route. METHODS Retrospective single-center consecutive review of parenteral route errors of medications, reported to our center between January 2006 and June 2010. We collected demographic data and information on medicat...

a field study was carried out among 265 post surgical patients in 67 surgical wards belonging to teaching hospitals located in tehran. the purpose of this study was to determine the amount of dipyron administration in the first 48 hours of postoperative period and the accuracy of its recording in the medication records by the nursing staff, meanwhile the physicians' post operative analgesi...

background: different methods have been used for bcg vaccination. alginate microspheres are useful in delivery of vaccines to the gastrointestinal tract by oral route. objective: to compare the immune response following oral microencapsulated and subcutaneous (sc) route administration of bcg vaccine in balb/c mice. methods: alginate microspheres were produced by an internal emulsification metho...

The present review compiles the applications of lipid nanoparticles mainly solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) for the delivery of pharmaceutical actives. The attempts to overcome the low solubility and bioavailability of some drugs by their incorporation into lipid nanocarriers have been summarized. A special focus of this review is on different routes of ad...

The intraperitoneal route was explored both as an alternative to the intravenous route for the vaccination of sheep and goat kids against heartwater and for the administration of an antibiotic to animals suffering from the disease. Only 8 (57%) of the 14 adult sheep, and none of the 7 goat kids, were found to be immune after intraperitoneal vaccination with infective blood. However, this route ...

Prostaglandins F2alpha (PGF2α) or its analogues (e.g. cloprostenols and D cloprostenol) have been used to induce farrowing worldwide in pig farms, including in Thailand. However, the dose, route of administration and timing of injection of these hormones are still controversy. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide information based on literature search and some experiments which are p...

Seeds of the castor bean plant Ricinuscommunis L (CB) contain ricin toxin (RT), one of the most poisonous naturally-occurring substances known. Ricin toxin, a water-soluble glycoprotein that does not partition into the oil extract, is a ribosome-inactivating toxin composed of two chains, labeled A and B. Severity of the toxicity varies depending on the route of exposure to the toxin. Inhalation...

REFERENCES 1. Harrison VC, Heese de V. Klein Ni: Intracranial hemorrhage associated with hyaline membrane disease. Arch Dis Child 43: 1 16, 1968. 2. Deonna T, Payot M, Probst A, Prod’hom LS: Neonatal intracranial hemorrhage in premature infants. Pediattics 56:1056, 1975. 3. Volpe J: Neonatal intracranial hemorrhage: Iatrogenic etiology? N EngI J Med 291:43, 1974. 4. Amiel-Tison C: Neurological ...

Diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by inadequate insulin secretion with resulting hyperglycemia. Diabetes complications include both microvascular and macrovascular disease, both of which are affected by optimal diabetes control. Many individuals with diabetes rely on subcutaneous insulin administration by injection or continuous infusion to control glucose levels. Novel routes of insu...