Tourism has become an important economic activity in all the countries of the world. It creates various direct, indirect and induced effects in the economy. This paper attempts to confirm empirically about the positive impact of tourism in Nepal. It is based on Nepalese data of foreign exchange earnings from tourism and gross domestic product for the period between FY 1974/75 and 2009/10. Co-in...

This paper uses panel cointegration techniques to examine the causal relationship between renewable energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissions for a group of 12 MENA countries covering the annual period 1975-2008. The Granger-causality results indicate that there is no causal relationship between these variables in short run except a unidirectional causality running from renewable en...

This study examines dynamic interrelationships and causality relationships among CO2 emissions, economic, political and financial variables over the period of 1971-2011 for the case of Iran as one of the top CO2 emitting countries in the world. The results of ARDL and Johansen cointegration approaches confirm the existence of long run relationship among CO2 emissions, energy consumption, GDP, f...

this paper examines the causal relationship between stock prices and macroeconomic aggregates in iran, by applying the techniques of the long–run granger non–causality test proposed by toda and yamamoto (1995). we test the causal relationships between the tepix index and the three macroeconomic variables: money supply, value of trade balance, and industrial production using quarterly data for t...

The relationship between urbanization, economic growth, and water use change is one of the key issues for China’s sustainable development, as rapid urbanization and continuous economic growth are accompanied by a steady water stress. Thus, we applied a cointegration test and a VECM (vector error correction model) Granger causality test to investigate the causal relationship between the urbaniza...

This paper investigates the relationship between exports and economic growth in the three of the largest exporting countries in the world, such as European Union, United States of America and Japan. For this purpose we have used Granger causality analysis based on error correction model. The results of this paper suggested that exports have a causal effect on the development process for the cou...

The causation relationship between economic growth and military expenditures in developing countries has received growing focus in recent years. One of the arguments in this field is that military spending absorbs a significant proportion of the limited financial resources in LDCs. The present study examines the causal relation in two models: defense spending with total real economic growth and...

Available online 30 April 2015 This paper investigates cointegration relationships and Granger causality nexus in a trivariate framework among economic growth, inflation, and stock market development. Utilizing three measures of stock market development and employing a panel vector autoregressive model, we study 34 OECD countries over the time period of 1960–2012. Our novel panel-data estimatio...

This paper employs a multivariate Granger-causality model to evaluate the causal relationship between external debt, financial development, and investment in Botswana South Africa from 1980–2020. The study includes savings, trade, economic growth as intermittent variables. Using autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing approach; empirical results reveal that, for both Africa, there ...