The ‘Need to Know’ concept is often quoted but rarely defined in the literature. In general the principle directs that unless an individual has a specific reason to have access to a piece of information then that access is denied. The concept is used extensively in privacy legislation throughout Western Nations. The principle is investigated with respect to its use in the protection of personal...

This is the second article (in a series of three) dedicated to the many variants and variations of the Freudenthal problem. The common crux in all these variants is how to draw the right conclusions from a strange conversation that mainly consists of “I-do-not-know” and “Now-I-do-know” statements. The Freudenthal problem dates back to the year 1969, when Hans Freudenthal posed it in the Nieuw A...

lēthēs Logos of Celsus, preserved in large part with Origen’s response in Contra Celsum, is the most signifi cant extant second-century literary attack on Christianity. Celsus attacked Christianity not only for philosophic reasons, but also because he was alarmed about social consequences of the spread of Christianity. His book was occasioned by Christians refusing to honor the cults of the Rom...

Natural pedagogy emerges early in development (Knudsen & Liszkowski, 2012), but good teaching requires presenting evidence specific to learners’ knowledge (Shafto, Goodman, & Griffiths, 2014). How might the development of Theory of Mind (ToM) relate to the ability to select pedagogical evidence? We present a training study in which we investigated the link between preschool-aged children’s fals...

We investigate under which conditions it is possible to infer the evolution of poverty at the individual level from the knowledge of poverty among households. Poverty measurement is approached by the poverty orderings introduced by Foster and Shorrocks (1988). The analysis is based on a reduced form of household bargaining (Peluso and Trannoy 2007) and provides results in terms of preservation ...

Conflict and leadership are both individually well-studied elements of group development. In this paper we seek to understand how leadership and conflict coexist within a team’s development and what the temporal context is within which they emerge for higherversus lower-performing teams. In order to investigate this question we collected survey data, message postings and performance scores for ...

Panelists provoke thoughts and questions relative to whether we know enough about the changing patterns of insured mortality to evaluate future business. Not only do we have the mortality patterns of the typical insured population changing, but we also have the basic makeup of this population changing at the same time. The panelists present their thoughts on how to address our need to know more...

Robots act upon and perceive the world from a particular perspective. It is important to recognize this relativity to perspective if one is not to be overly demanding in specifying what they need to know in order to be able to achieve goals through action. In this paper, we show how a formal theory of knowledge and action proposed in (Lesperance 1989) can be used to formalize several kinds of s...

How much does one need to know about the characteristics of heterogeneous agents in order to position them correctly in an organizational structure? This question is addressed in a project selection framework with error{prone decision{makers.

Here we outline the meaning of the term alternative reproductive tactics, or ARTs, and discuss why the existence of ARTs is so widespread in animals. We ask what we need to know to understand the evolution of ARTs and the importance of general principles such as frequency dependence, density dependence, and condition dependence, and what we need to know about proximate mechanisms involved in th...