Weather and climate models struggle to represent lower tropospheric temperature and moisture profiles and surface fluxes in Arctic winter, partly because they lack or misrepresent physical processes that are specific to high latitudes. Observations have revealed two preferred states of the Arctic winter boundary layer. In the cloudy state, cloud liquid water limits surface radiative cooling, an...

INTRODUCTION Quantifying years of potential life lost (YPLL) highlights childhood causes of mortality and provides a simple method to identify important causes of premature death. METHODS CDC analyzed data from the National Vital Statistics System multiple cause of death files for 2000-2009. RESULTS An average of 890YPLL were lost each year due to unintentional injuries for every 100,000 pe...

Using succinate and alpha-ketoglutarate as substrates, oxidative phosphorylation has been measured in mitochondria isolated from livers showing cloudy swelling. This cellular change was obtained by injecting rats with S. typhi murium toxin and guinea pigs with diphtheria toxin. It has been found that phosphorylation associated with the oxidation of either of these substrates was partially inhib...

The cloud vertical structure, including top and base heights, layer thickness, and the characteristics of multilayered clouds, has been examined by Wang et al. (1995) by using radiosonde data. Cloudy layers are identified by relative humidity (RH) values above a threshold value of 84%. Cloud-layer top and base are identified by sudden changes in RH. These changes are positive at the base and ne...

Global skin temperature is very important for the understanding of surface climate and for evaluating climate models. However, when the surface is obscured by clouds, this variable cannot be measured directly by using satellite thermal infrared channels. Methods for calculating skin temperature for a satellite cloudy pixel are important, yet little research on their relative merits has been don...

Convective cloud formation and evolution strongly depend on environmental temperature and humidity profiles. The forming clouds change the profiles that created them by redistributing heat and moisture. Here we show that the evolution of the field's thermodynamic properties depends heavily on the concentration of aerosol, liquid or solid particles suspended in the atmosphere. Under polluted con...

A collaborative trial was conducted to validate the effectiveness of a liquid chromatographic (LC) procedure for determination of patulin in both clear and cloudy apple juices and apple puree. The test portion of clear apple juice was directly extracted with ethyl acetate; cloudy apple juice and apple puree were treated with pectinase enzyme before extraction. After back-extraction into sodium ...

Shadows created by small patches of clouds obscure ground features from satellite imagery. In this research, a new technique was developed to enhance cloud-associated shadow areas in satellite images while preserving details underneath these areas. The developed algorithm utilizes wavelet analysis to decompose cloudy images into several frequency level components. Image details underneath shado...

In the light of Mozambique's progress towards the achievement of Millennium Development Goal 4 of reducing mortality of children aged less than five years (under-five mortality) by two-thirds within 2015, this study investigated the relationship between the province of mother's residence and under-five mortality in Mozambique, using data from the 2003 Mozambican Demographic and Health Survey. T...