Impediments, such as tree logs, can prevent access to saplings for deer, and increase perceived predation risk by blocking view escape possibilities deer in areas with large carnivores. Therefore, impediments influence foraging decisions the trade-off between safety food of different quality indirectly influencing regeneration. The aim our study was test how presence an impediment affects behav...

We investigated the effects of fire, grass and acacia age on relative growth rate (RGR), neighbour effect (RNE), height biomass in greenhouse condition. The experiment was arranged a completely randomized design with 10 replicates. Grass shrubs were grown 17 weeks after establishment, thereafter, fire applied, observations done 16 later. Old tussock suppressed seedling sapling, but young facili...

Abstract The habitat of elephants ( Elephas maximus-sumatranus ) naturally provides a wide variety feed, availability water sources, shelter and salt licks. A plants can be found in lick locations. This study was conducted from October to December 2020, the Tangkahan CRU area, Langkat, North Sumatra, with aim obtaining fundamental information about potential plant species as natural food licks ...