In this paper, we study two different Graded Index (GRIN) photonic crystal (PC) structures which are named as structure type I and type II. The PC structures are made of the square rod in an air background. To design a GRIN PC structure the lattice constant has been altered in the direction transverse to propagation. We investigated focusing effect             and waveguiding behavior of electr...

There are some fundamental limitations on positioning accuracy using satellite navigation technique. Several sources of errors limit the accuracy of GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) positioning. The errors due to the earth’s atmosphere have the largest value and must be significantly reduced in order to achieve more precise positioning results. The GNSS-based determination of the posit...

The existing theory for wave propagation through a soil layer are not compatible with the real soil layers because in the theory the layers are flat and the sub-layers are parallel, while in real the soil layers are not flat and they may not be parallel. Thus, wave propagations through a corrugated interface are so important. In this paper, a two-dimensional SH-wave propagation through a corrug...

The present problem deals with the propagation of Love-type surface waves in a bedded structure comprises of an inhomogeneous orthotropic layer and an elastic half-space. The upper boundary and the interface between two media are considered to be corrugated. An analytical method (separation of variables) is adapted to solve the second order PDEs, which governs the equations of motion. Equations...

Observations of tsunamis away from shore are critically important for improving early warning systems and understanding of tsunami generation and propagation. Tsunamis are difficult to detect and measure in the open ocean because the wave amplitude there is much smaller than it is close to shore. Currently, tsunami observations in deep water rely on measurements of variations in the sea surface...

Different image pairs of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) from tandem satellites (i.e. ERS2 and EnviSat) sunglint optical images Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), Visible Infrared Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Medium Spectrometer (MERIS) between December 2002 May 2016 are investigated used to estimate the propagation speed Internal Solitary Waves (ISWs) in Andaman Sea. 426 ISWs id...

We propose a novel method to calculate the electromagnetic (EM) wave propagation from low-earth orbit satellite (LEO) ground station based on physical optics (PO), ray tracing technique, and geometric (GO) considering interpolated atmospheric environments. Our includes reflector antenna analysis using PO, interpolation of meteorological data PCHIP Kriging interpolation, transmission geometrical...