r a 200 .061 : +64 4 3 iwa.co.n Summary This study is devoted to simulation of the interannual variability of daily rainfall, such as the mean and variance of seasonal rainfall totals and the correlation between seasonal rainfall totals and a seasonal climate variable (e.g., an index of atmospheric or oceanic circulation). Prior work established that a mixture of chain-dependent processes, invo...

Changes in pollutant loads in relatively dynamic river sediments, which contain very complex mixtures of compounds, can play a crucial role in the fate and effects of pollutants in fluvial ecosystems. The contamination of sediments by bioactive substances can be sensitively assessed by in vitro bioassays. This is the first study that characterizes detailed short- and long-term changes in concen...

The atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), an atmospheric region near the Earth's surface, is affected by surface forcing and is important for studying air quality, climate, and weather forecasts. In this study, long-term urban nocturnal boundary layers (NBLs) were estimated by an elastic backscatter light detection and ranging (LiDAR) with various methods in Wuhan (30.5° N, 114.4° E), a city in Cen...

[1] We have carried out an empirical study of the seasonal cycle of nitrous oxide (N2O) using the data archived by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration – Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (NOAA-CMDL) Global Cooperative Air Sampling Network from 1977 to 2000. In order to isolate the seasonal cycle, we first detrended the data using least square polynomial fits. The rem...

■ Abstract Pluto and Charon, once thought to be a singular system in an odd orbit at the edge of the solar system, are now known as members of a vast population of icy bodies beyond Neptune. Models for the occurrence of the odd orbit and formation of these bodies in the context of the total population are reviewed. Pluto’s orbital characteristics, coupled with the existence of volatiles on the ...

The North Pacific Tropical Water (NPTW), characterized by subsurface high salinity, is observed in the South China Sea (SCS) and is often used as an indicator of the water intrusion from the northwestern Pacific into the SCS. Based on the assimilation product from a global high-resolution Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM) from 2008 through 2013, this study investigates the seasonal variabil...

The tropical Atlantic ocean plays a key role for climate variability in sensitive regions of the surrounding continents: Previous studies suggest that inter-annual variability of sea surface temperature (SST) in the equatorial Atlantic impacts rainfall variability over northeast Brazil and the coastal regions surrounding the Gulf of Guinea (Chang et al. 2006; Kushnir et al. 2006; Brandt et al. ...

In the Climate Change literature, the range is predominantly used as a measure of variability, and the presence of trend is typically done on seasonal and/or annual basis. In this study, we used daily average temperature values at 15 spatially distributed sites across Canada to test the presence of trend in variability (using both range and standard deviation) using the bootstrap method by Wood...

Accurate assessments of exposure to nitrate in drinking water is a crucial part of epidemiological studies investigating long-term adverse human health effects. However, since drinking water nitrate measurements are usually collected for regulatory purposes, assumptions on (1) the intra-distribution system variability and (2) short-term (seasonal) concentration variability have to be made. We a...