Multi-echelon transaction is a common situation in the supply chain nowadays. This research is to formulate a three-echelon integrated inventory model under defective products, reworking and credit period consideration. An algorithm and numerical analysis are used to observe the effect of defective rate and credit period time to the inventory policy and total profit.

Takamichi 2009. Altruistic behaviour in a two-echelon supply chain with unmatched proportional feedback controllers. Please note: Changes made as a result of publishing processes such as copy-editing, formatting and page numbers may not be reflected in this version. For the definitive version of this publication, please refer to the published source. You are advised to consult the publisher's v...

We present a two-echelon dual-channel inventory model in which stocks are kept in both a manufacturer warehouse (upper echelon) and a retail store (lower echelon), and the product is available in two supply channels: a traditional retail store and an Internet-enabled direct channel. The system receives stochastic demand from two customer segments: those who prefer the traditional retail store a...

This article examines the origins of interorganizational endorsements in the context of firms undergoing an initial public offering (IPO). We propose that the affiliations associated with the career histories of a firm’s upper echelon, including its managing officers and board members, send important signals to external parties who are evaluating the quality of young firms. Such signals are cri...

T his paper studies echelon stock (R, nQ) policies in serial production/inventory systems with stochastic demand. We provide a recursive procedure to compute the steady state echelon inventory levels of the systems, which can be used to evaluate the long-run average holding and backorder costs as well as other performance measures. The procedure is based upon an observation of a relationship be...

Using a real-life data set, we investigate the benefit of sharing market sales information in a setting where a theoretical model argues there is no benefit from such a collaboration scheme. The set of real Electronic Point Of Sales (EPOS) data and the orders that were placed by a retailer to a suppler was used. We have focused on products that operate under an every day low price strategy. To ...

Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens are confronted with an apparently insurmountable dilemma. Each should show a binding preference to a common enough variety of nonapeptides, so that one relevant nonapeptide can be found in at least every other viral protein to provoke a cytotoxic T-cell response. By so doing, however, the chance of that viral T epitope being self is greatl...

Two-echelon distribution systems are often considered in city logistics to maintain economies of scale and satisfy the emission zone requirements cities. In this work, we formulate two-echelon vehicle routing problem with stochastic demands as a chance-constrained optimization problem, where total demand customers each second-echelon route should fit within capacity high probability. We propose...