Learning new knowledge or a skill usually requires the development of an adequate internal mental model in form network. The learning process for such involves (first-order) network adaptation. Such often integrates different elements, as by observation and instruction. For effective process, main issue is to get appropriate timing elements. To control these elements adaptation has be adaptive ...

Sometimes conventional feedback controllers may not perform well online because of the variation in process dynamics due to nonlinear actuators, changes in environmental conditions and variation in the character of the disturbances. To overcome the above problem, this paper deals with the designing of a controller for a second order system with Model Reference Adaptive Control (MRAC) scheme usi...

for the first time in the history of logic, afzal al-din al-khunaji has found tautologies and contradictories among the verity and actuality propositions. these have been formalized and investigated in first-order logic and it has been shown that their perpetual truth requires the assumption of ‘the presupposed existence of non-existence.’ in this paper, i investigate the tautologies in second-...