The morbidity of benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) was investigated from the functional standpoint by analyzing nystagmus elicited by the caloric test. As a result of an investigation of the three (horizontal, vertical and torsional) components of the nystagmus elicited by the caloric stimulus (cold water), the vertical nystagmus differed in direction between the left and the right ea...

A microthermistor positioned close to the exposed posterior semicircular canal in isolated labyrinth preparations of the frog was used to stimulate the sensory organ. Our results indicated that, depending on the position of the heater, the induced endolymphatic convection currents may result in either excitatory or inhibitory cupular deflections and thus in a modulation of ampullar receptor res...

Most of the patients who present with congenital sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) do not demonstrate an imaging abnormality. Only 39% of patients with congenital SNHL have a documented imaging abnormality, with large vestibular aqueduct syndrome being the most common of the congenital anomalies to be identified on imaging. Congenital anomalies of the semicircular canals can result in SNHL. Dys...

introduction: file fracture is one of the main procedural mishaps in endodontic treatment. the aim of this in vitro study was to compare the fracture rate of three niti rotary systems; hero 642, mtwo and flexmaster in artificial canals. methods and materials: in this study, bovine long bone was used. after primary preparation of bones, longitudinal sections with 4-cm diameter were cut and encod...

Gbx2 is a homeobox-containing transcription factor that is related to unplugged in Drosophila. In mice, Gbx2 and Otx2 negatively regulate each other to establish the mid-hindbrain boundary in the neural tube. Here, we show that Gbx2 is required for the development of the mouse inner ear. Absence of the endolymphatic duct and swelling of the membranous labyrinth are common features in Gbx2-/- in...

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are expressed in the developing vertebrate inner ear and participate in inner ear axial patterning and the development of its sensory epithelium. BMP antagonists, such as noggin, chordin, gremlin, cerberus, and DAN (differential screening-selected gene aberrative in neuroblastoma) inhibit BMP activity and establish morphogenetic gradients during the patterning...