Primate color vision is based on two to three cone types in the retina, each expressing a different class of visual pigment, making them the only mammals that possess trichromacy. These pigment classes are the short wavelength-sensitive (SWS1) pigment and the long wavelength-sensitive (LWS) pigment, orthologues of the same pigments found in many other vertebrates, as well as the middle waveleng...

A novel, sensitive, simple, and robust strain interrogation technique is analyzed and experimentally tested. By locking a laser wavelength to the midreflection wavelength of a standard fiber Bragg grating and measuring the error signal, we achieve high dynamic strain sensitivity of 45 picostrain/ radicalHz rms at 3 kHz, where the dominant noise in the experiment is the laser frequency noise.

Contrary to the property of achromaticity (independence of wavelength) usually associated with topological phases, we describe conditions under which topological phases encountered in optics can show sharp changes and reversals for small changes in wavelength, a phenomenon originating in the occurrence of phase singularities, earlier observed in interference experiments. OCIS Codes:(230.5440) P...

This article deals with the possibility of employing phase sensitive OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometry) into fibers with active data transmission DWDM (Dense Wavelength Division Multiplex). Due to the low backscattered signal of phase sensitive OTDR is required to generate pulses with a high intensity and short time duration. These high power pulses can cause degradation of the data trans...

We present a new imaging method to record multicolor digital holograms from objects emitting fluorescent light. The fluorescent light specific to the emission wavelength of various fluorescent dyes after excitation of three dimensional (3D) objects is recorded on a digital monochrome camera after reflection from a diffractive optical element (DOE). For each wavelength of fluorescent emission, t...

Cone electroretinograms (ERGs) in response to different color flashes were examined using a Ganzfeld stimulus in 19 eyes after successful retinal detachment surgery. In the operated eyes, the short wavelength sensitive (S-) cone b-wave was reduced more than the mixed long (L-) and middle (M-) wavelength sensitive cone b-waves. The ratio of the S-cone ERG b-wave amplitude between operated eyes a...

Microspectrophotometric measurements on the rod photoreceptors of the tammar wallaby showed that they have a peak absorbance at 501 nm. This indicates that macropod marsupials have a typical mammalian rhodopsin. An electroretinogram-based study of the photoreceptors confirmed this measurement and provided clear evidence for a single middle wavelength-sensitive cone pigment with a peak sensitivi...

We analysed spatial density and distribution of short-wavelength-sensitive photoreceptors (S-cones) in developing and adult human retinae using antibody against short-wavelength-sensitive opsin. Statistical tests indicate that before 20 weeks of gestation (WG) the S-cone mosaic is not distinguishable from a random distribution, but by 20 WG is significantly different from a random distribution ...

We have developed a charge-coupled-device (CCD)-based microspectrophotometer (MSP) system and provide the first report on the successful employment of this technology to measure the spectral absorbance properties of vertebrate photoreceptors. The principal difference between the CCD-based MSP system and wavelength-scanning MSP systems, commonly used in vision biology, is that a short duration (...