Interactions between bacteria and roots are critical to the terrestrial ecosystem. The zone of soil immediately surrounding roots is known as the rhizosphere and the surface of the root the rhizoplane (1, 2). This region is of paramount importance to the growth and productivity of plants because it is the main area where they interact with an enormously complex microbial community, the microbio...

Objectives Bonding of fiber posts to intracanal dentin is challenging in the clinical setting. This study aimed to compare the effect of self-adhesive and separate etch adhesive dual cure resin cements on the bond strength of fiber post to dentin at different parts of the root. Materials and Methods This in-vitro experimental study was conducted on 20 single-rooted premolars. The teeth were d...

In an earlier paper we proposed, on the basis of mitochondrial control region variation, that the bulk of modern European mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA) diversity had its roots in the European Upper Palaeolithic. Refining the mtDNA phylogeny and enlarging the sample size both within Europe and the Middle East still support this interpretation and indicate three separate phases of colonization: (i) th...

The use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers to grow biofuel crops adds the economic and environmental costs biomass production. Biological fixation provides an alternative, eco-friendly source for leguminous plants some nonlegumes. With objective characterizing eventually harnessing nitrogen-fixing bacteria in switchgrass roots, we assayed nitrogenase activity surveyed nifH-expressing roots grown...

most mandibular second molars have one and two canals in distal and mesial roots, respectively. this report represents four cases of mandibular second molars with a single mesial and two distal root canals with two different canal configurations. after access cavity preparation, two teeth had one distal and two mesial orifices, whereas in the two other teeth one mesial and two distal orifices w...

abstract  hypercementosis is identified by an excessive, non-neoplastic deposition of radicular cementum and is mostly presented as a solitary lesion or in rare cases as a multiple type. it usually occurs in the premolar and molar region of mandible with no sex predilection. in this paper, we reported a 57-year-old female patient with multiple radiopaque lesions affecting right maxillary second...

Roots are near-ubiquitous components of soils globally but have often been regarded as separate from the soil rather than a substantial factor in determining what is and how it functions. The start rapid formation commenced about 400 million years ago with emergence vascular plants evolution roots associated microbes. microorganisms contribute significantly to by altering rocks minerals through...