Use of adaptive energy management strategies is essential in improving energy utilization, efficiency, and sustainable operation of embedded systems. Accordingly, this paper presents embedded system applications, which are suitable for employing adaptive energy management utilized reinforcement learning. We proposed rewarding function for embedded system applications in stimulating the learning...

Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) simulation is known as a reliable approach for testing and verification of the control system of hybrid vehicles. In this paper, a low-cost functional HiL test bench is utilized to test and verify the Drive Motor Management Software (DMMS) in a series hybrid electric bus. The HiL simulator in the current research is a laptop computer where the real-time simulation mod...

Automobile emissions such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide and particulate matter are coming under progressively strict regulations worldwide. Meeting the increasingly severe requirements will require wider use of electric vehicles, including hybrid electric cars, and of high-efficiency electrified powertrains for better fuel economy. For this, implementation of still more compact, higher outp...

Hybrid electric vehicles are seen as a solution to improving fuel economy and reducing pollution emissions from automobiles. By recovering kinetic energy during braking and optimizing the engine operation to reduce fuel consumption and emissions, a hybrid vehicle can outperform a traditional vehicle. In designing a hybrid vehicle, the task of finding optimal component sizes and an appropriate c...

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have demonstrated the potential to significantly increase fuel economy. However, the overall efficiency of the powertrain system of any Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) depends on the vehicle-level control strategy. To optimize the energy flow, a global optimization algorithm, based on the Bellman principle, was used to generate the most efficient operating...

The paper presents an overview of the bond graph models of advanced automotive transmission and driveline systems. This includes one-mode and two-mode series-parallel hybrid electric vehicle transmissions, a continuous variable transmission, active-limited slip and torque vectoring differentials in 2WD and 4WD configurations, and electromechanical actuator-based wet and dry clutch actuation sys...

A series hydraulic hybrid concept (SHHV) has been explored as a potential pathway to an ultra-efficient city vehicle. Intended markets would be congested metropolitan areas, particularly in developing countries. The target fuel economy was ~100 mpg or 2.4 l/100km in city driving. Such an ambitious target requires multiple measures, i.e. low mass, favorable aerodynamics and ultra-efficient power...

Mild hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) take some benefits of full HEVs while having lower initial cost and weight, making them a more viable proposition for OEMs looking to enter the hybrid market. The popularization of mild hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) has exposed a new research potential in hybrid energy management. The optimal control of fuel economy in such a configuration is hard to achiev...

Combined with the characteristics of vehicle operation, a torque distribution control strategy based on logic threshold method for a series-parallel hybrid electric bus is proposed to improve the vehicle's fuel economy. And the simulink model of this strategy is built. Then the simulation is completed under the selected cycle condition. Compared with the real vehicle test data, the control stra...