We study how digital signature schemes can generate signatures as short as possible, in particular in the case where partial message recovery is allowed. We give a concrete proposition named OPSSR that achieves the lower bound for message expansion, and give an exact security proof of the scheme in the ideal cipher model. We extend it to the multi-key setting. We also show that this padding can...

Building on Dixit & Pindyck (1994) model for determining investment timing, this paper develops a real options framework to understand how and when Entrepeneurs seek for Venture Capital financing. The setting comprises an established start-up firm which is deciding between a small and a large expansion project. The Entrepeneur will be seeking Venture Capital financing to carry a larger expansio...

background: in the recent years, using health technologies to diagnose and treat diseases has had a considerable and accelerated growth. the proper use of these technologies may considerably help in the diagnosis and treatment of different diseases. on the other hand, unlimited and unrestricted entry of these technologies may result in induced demand by service providers. the aim of this study ...

Model expansion problem is a question of determining, given a formula and a structure for a part of the vocabulary of the formula, whether there is an expansion of this structure that satisfies the formula. Recent development of a problem-solving paradigm based on model expansion by (Mitchell & Ternovska, 2005; Mitchell, Ternovska, Hach, & Mohebali, 2006) posed the question of complexity of thi...

BACKGROUND Most patients with Friedreich ataxia (FA) have a GAA trinucleotide repeat expansion in intron 1 of the FA gene (FRDA) on both arms of chromosome 9. However, some patients are compound heterozygotes and harbor a GAA expansion on one allele and a point mutation on the other. Compound heterozygous patients with FA who have a GAA expansion and a G130V mutation have been reported to have ...

O F ALL the materials associated with dental practice and technic, those containing gypsum products are probably used most extensively. In keeping with this fact, a great deal of research has been directed toward problems involving the physical behavior of these materials. It is felt, however, that knowledge is lacking on some of the more fundamental behavior characteristics. The manifestation ...

network expansion studies normally offer new power lines, new substations or expansion of existing substations. they are generally proposed based on technical requirements, but financial restrictions are not considered. because of financial restrictions, ranking of network expansion plans is required. in this paper an algorithm for such ranking, based on technical and financial view points and ...

following changes in economic fields, monetary transmission mechanism has been equipped with different approaches. for example, introducing and then applying the first draft of basel committee’s capital requirement has portrayed new horizon in the monetary transmission mechanism discussions. while as the first step, it has been emphasized on the static role of bank’s capital; as the second step...

BACKGROUND The treatment of cutaneous wounds in the clinical setting continues to be a clinical challenge and economic burden, with burn wounds being especially formidable. Direct mechanical injury coupled with the transfer of thermal energy leads to tissue necrosis, pro-inflammatory cytokine release and the eventual expansion of an initial wound. Our current therapeutic armamentarium falls sho...