The Unified Modeling Language UML and the Open Modeling Language both have introduced stereotypes as a new means for user-defined extensions of a given base language. Stereotypes are a very powerful feature. They allow modifications ranging from slight notational changes up to the redefinition of the base language. However, the power of stereotypes entails risk. Badly designed stereotypes can d...

Homegrown stereotypes are generalizations that groups develop about their own typical characteristics. They are a distinct class of in-group stereotypes in the contexts and processes that give rise to them, as well as in their consequences for individual group members. The authors develop the concept of homegrown stereotypes and locate the origins of these stereotypes in self-presentation proce...

OBJECTIVE The Multi-Threat Framework accounts for potentially different forms of stereotype threat that differ in target (i.e., the individual or the group) and source (i.e., the self or others). This investigation examined how these different forms of perceived stereotype threat were related to concepts, such as group identity, stereotype endorsement, stigma consciousness, etc., among overweig...

BACKGROUND Medical school has historically reinforced traditional views of women. This cohort study follows implementation of a revitalized curriculum and examines students' attitudes toward women on entry into an Ontario medical school, and 3 years later. METHODS Of the 75 students entering first year at Queen's University medical school 70 completed the initial survey in September 1994 and ...

Abstract The year 2021 marks the 150th anniversary of publication Charles Darwin’s extraordinary book Descent Man and Selection in Relation to Sex. Here, we review history impact a single profound insight from Man: that, some few species, females rather than males compete for access mates. In other words, these species are ‘sex-role reversed’ with respect mating competition sexual selection com...

We found that judgments of a perceptually ambiguous social category, sexual orientation, varied as a function of a perceptually obvious social category, race. Sexual orientation judgments tend to exploit a heuristic of gender inversion that often promotes accuracy. We predicted that an orthogonal social category that is itself gendered, race, would impact both sexual orientation categorizations...

Guided by gender schema theory, the researchers explored gender stereotypes of female athletes through a 2x2 experimental design. Participants, 267 undergraduate students from a large southern university, read one of four versions of an online news article (a short news story with a photo) in which female athlete appearance (masculine/feminine) and the type of sport played (masculine/feminine) ...

Sex Differences in Managerial Style: From Individual Leadership to Organisational Labour Relationships This paper deals with sex differences in managerial behaviour, by testing the extent to which such differences match those expected from gender stereotypes. Unlike previous research on the topic, always based on opinions about individual managers, this investigation uses firm-level evidence fr...

Laypeople and healthcare professionals use demographic cues when making pain management decisions. These decisions can negatively affect patient outcomes. This study examined whether laypeople base their pain management decisions in part on pain-related postures and demographic cues. Virtual human (VH) technology was used to research whether sex and race, as well as body posture, influenced pai...

This study uses cognitive interviewing to examine individuals’ interpretations of sexuality-related questions and meanings of sex and sexuality. The sample includes 20 adults (12 women and 8 men) who were randomly selected university staff in the Midwestern United States. Using a sexual script and symbolic interactionist framework, we identify two themes in individuals’ understandings of sex an...