Organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis have been widely applied as the two main regeneration pathways in plant tissue cultures. However, recalcitrance is still restriction clonal propagation of many woody species, especially conifers. They undergo a “phase change” that leads to significant loss vegetative capacity, reducing aptitude tissues organs be regenerated vitro beyond this point. In lin...

Cesium (Cs) is chemically similar to potassium (K). However, although K is an essential element, Cs is toxic to plants. Two contrasting hypotheses to explain Cs toxicity have been proposed: (1) extracellular Cs+ prevents K+ uptake and, thereby, induces K starvation; and (2) intracellular Cs+ interacts with vital K(+)-binding sites in proteins, either competitively or noncompetitively, impairing...

punicagranatum cv. malassaveh is one of the most desirable commercial cultivars in iran. in thisstudy some experiments were conducted to introduce the best hormonal treatments for directadventitious shoot regeneration from mentioned cultivar via cotyledonary explants. for thispurpose, both liquid and agarmurashige and skoog (1962) (ms) medium supplemented with baat 2, 4.5, 9, 13 μm alone and in...

We consider the optimal use of information in shooting at a collection of targets, generally with the object of maximizing the average number (or value) of targets killed. The shooting problem is viewed as a Markov decision process, and the modal solution technique is stochastic dynamic programming. Information obtained about target status may or may not be perfect, and there may or may not be ...