Watermarking belongs to hide particular information, so that you can easily detect any tamper detection .It is used for confidenality, authentication and copy right protection. In this paper watermarking is done with the help of least significant bit technique (LSB).As LSB technique is used as it has less effect on image. This new algorithm is using LSB of original image and idoing ‘&&’ operati...

Cysouw (this volume) argues against the use of implicational universals in linguistic typology. While some of the points he makes are valid, his argumentation is in other places somewhat confused. I attempt in this paper to give some clarity to some of the issues, drawing on examples based on my typological database (Dryer 1989, 1991, 1992, 1997, 1998), which currently contains data for over 12...

An efficient architecture of a reconfigurable Least/Most Significant Bit multiplier for Galois field where , is presented. The proposed multiplier can operate either as a most significant or as a least significant bit first multiplier. The value m, of the irreducible polynomial degree, can be changed and the value of M determines the maximum size that the multiplier can support. This architectu...

For any authentication code for k source states and v messages having minimum possible deception probabilities (namely, P d 0 = k=v and P d 1 = (k ? 1)=(v ? 1)), we show that there must be at least v encoding rules. (This can be thought of as an authentication-code analogue of Fisher's Inequality .) We derive several properties that an extremal code must satisfy, and we characterize the extrema...

Henry James’ novel The Turn of the Screw is notorious for its ambiguous nature about the ghostly figures that keep haunting the protagonist the governess. This paper attempts to give the study of this novel another turn of the screw by arguing that it is a hybrid of popular culture of ghost stories and high culture of psychological studies of ghosts. It is intended by Henry James as a blueprint...