Abstract. Barley production in Russia and, particular, the Rostov region, is of great economic importance. There are positive and negative cultivation feature crop this region. Spring barley has occupied its niche here, recent years interest breeders been turned to hulles forms. In order develop a new promising breeding material, it necessary study comprehensively various source including respo...

Abstract Healthy seeds play an important role in growing a healthy crop. Seed health testing is performed by detecting the presence or absence of insect infestation and seed-borne diseases caused fungi, bacteria, viruses. The most detrimental effect pathogens contamination previously disease-free areas spread new diseases. Sowing contaminated infected not only spreads but can also reduce yields...

out how someone else would feel, given what is described: if you can’t, it’s not funny. As yet, the ‘what?’ question has not been explored systematically, but anecdotes of play suggest that some species may have cognitive abilities beyond those we credit them with. Baboons have been observed teasing cattle, pulling their tails when the cow was safely behind a wire fence and could not hurt the b...

The subphylum Ustilaginomycotina (Basidiomycota, Fungi) comprises mainly plant pathogenic fungi (smuts). Some of the lineages possess cultivable unicellular stages that are usually classified as yeast or yeast-like species in a largely artificial taxonomic system which is independent from and largely incompatible with that of the smut fungi. Here we performed phylogenetic analyses based on seve...

1. Allander T, Tammi MT, Eriksson M, Bjerkner A, Tiveljung-Lindell A, Andersson B. Cloning of a human parvovirus by molecular screening of respiratory tract samples. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102:12891–6. 2. McIntosh K. Human bocavirus: developing evidence for pathogenicity. J Infect Dis. 2006;194:1197–9. 3. Ma X, Endo R, Ishiguro N, Ebihara T, Ishiko H, Ariga T, et al. Detection of human ...

Host specialization is a key evolutionary process for the diversification and emergence of new pathogens. However, the molecular determinants of host range are poorly understood. Smut fungi are biotrophic pathogens that have distinct and narrow host ranges based on largely unknown genetic determinants. Hence, we aimed to expand comparative genomics analyses of smut fungi by including more speci...

Many questions about animal welfare involve the affective states of animals (pain, fear, distress) and people look to science to clarify these issues as a basis for practices, policies and standards. However, the science of the mid twentieth century tended to be silent on matters of animal affect for both philosophical and methodological reasons. Philosophically, under the influence of Positivi...

BACKGROUND Spore discharge in the majority of the 30,000 described species of Basidiomycota is powered by the rapid motion of a fluid droplet, called Buller's drop, over the spore surface. In basidiomycete yeasts, and phytopathogenic rusts and smuts, spores are discharged directly into the airflow around the fungal colony. Maximum discharge distances of 1-2 mm have been reported for these fungi...

Fungal plant pathogens are common in natural communities where they affect plant physiology, plant survival, and biomass production. Conversely, pathogen transmission and infection may be regulated by plant community characteristics such as plant species diversity and functional composition that favor pathogen diversity through increases in host diversity while simultaneously reducing pathogen ...