cooperatives can be considered as suitable means to achieve social and economic development, employment and participation. undoubtedly, rural women's membership in cooperatives can be really useful in the process of rural development. social capital is one of the key determinants of women's participation in different social activities. social capital may act directly through physical ...

Efforts at cumulative knowledge building in social gerontology have been lax, judging from research articles published in journals between 1990 and 1994. Too little attention has been paid to the cumulative development of theory; readers are left with many empirical generalizations but underdeveloped explanations by which to interpret findings and build upon them in subsequent research. To assi...

O ne of the goals of our article on the DNA of Socially Responsible Innovation (SRI) was to start a discussion on how to implement SRI in research and development (R&D). We are therefore grateful for the contribution by Dove and Özdemir; we feel that exactly such dialogue is necessary to advance innovation to the next level. We acknowledge that the “ecosystem” of science, technology and society...

Inequality grew substantially not only in many developed countries during the 1980s and 1990s, but also in most developing countries. The growth in inequality was particularly severe in Latin America and Africa, but significantly less in many East Asian countries. The diverse patterns of income inequality motivate my research, which reveals the important forces underlying the dynamics of inequa...

This paper examines the link between price regulation and pharmaceutical research and development (R&D) investment. I identify two mechanisms through which price regulation may exert an influence on R&D: an expected-profit effect and a cash-flow effect. Using established models of the determinants of pharmaceutical R&D, I exploit a unique fact to quantify firm exposure to pharmaceutical price r...

A field study of top management teams and knowledge workers from 72 technology firms demonstrated that the rate of new product and service introduction was a function of organization members’ ability to combine and exchange knowledge. We tested the following as bases of that ability: the existing knowledge of employees (their education levels and functional heterogeneity), knowledge from member...

Introduction: Scholarly activities as well as growth in Science and technology have been well established as the basis for development in every country. In recent years due to more attention to research the number of research projects and published articles in Iranian and International journals has gained a rapid increase. Therefore, the evaluation of Medical journals as sources of publishing t...

T he nature and purpose of academic and industrial research has slowly been changing during the past decades. Academic research, in particular of the applied nature, is more frequently done in collaboration with industrial partners and attracts funding from industry or private foundations that support research. Even public funding agencies increasingly require scientists to justify their work b...

Essential to development advance in any society, having social support that social capital is one of those and include components:  "social trust", "social cohesion", "social participation", "social consciousness", and "religiosity".                                                       The aim of this research is on relationship between social capital and urban development variable. Statistica...